300 research candidates selected from 2,700 proposals

This is a provisional research shortlist, not a list of proven or confirmed-new discoveries. Scores rank experimental accessibility and clarity; they are not probabilities of truth. Every selected candidate received an exploratory literature query. The first 30 also received a focused query using the full prediction and proposed test. Most results were screened at title level; a small number of primary abstracts or indexed article sections were examined for conservative exclusions and gap notes. No exhaustive full-text, citation-chain, or patent search was completed.

Selection retains 200 individually drafted proposals and 100 representatives of different experimental families. Closely related material substitutions were collapsed rather than counted as independent mechanisms. Broad prior-art overlap caused 11 conservative replacements. A remaining candidate can still be incremental, known, incorrect, or impractical after a pilot.

Use original H identifiers to connect this file to the source collection, screening table, search logs, source map, and measurement templates. Within score ties, original ID provides a stable order and does not signify scientific superiority.

001. H0003 — Humidity cycling could set a repeatable salt deposit spacing

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: Repeated partial dissolution and drying of a thin salt film on a grooved surface will select a narrower crystal-spacing distribution than one continuous drying step with equal cumulative water removal.

Test: Image benign salt films during controlled humidity cycles; compare matched initial salt loading, grooves, temperature, and final dryness.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Cycling does not narrow spacing, or the apparent effect is explained entirely by differing final crystal sizes.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Controlled humidity already changes salt morphology. Check specifically whether cyclic partial dissolution on grooves narrows nearest-neighbor spacing at matched water loss; do not claim humidity-dependent crystallization itself as new.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Detachment mechanism and reduced evaporation of an evaporative NaCl salt crust — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11541-w.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A laboratory experiment on salt weathering by humidity change: salt damage induced by deliquescence and hydration | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40645-018-0241-2 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Towards a more effective and reliable salt crystallization test for porous building materials: state of the art | Materials and Structures | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1617/s11527-018-1180-5 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Multiscale Study on the Mechanism of a Bio-Based Anticaking Agent for NaCl Crystals — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7745208/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

002. H0012 — Graded pores could stabilize compression recovery

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: A foam with a smooth pore-size gradient will retain more recoverable thickness after repeated compression than a uniform foam with the same density and polymer chemistry.

Test: Cycle matched foams through the same strain history; measure hysteresis, residual deformation, and local collapse by imaging.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery is unchanged or improved recovery merely reflects a lower actual local strain.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Foam recovery under cyclic loading is studied. The candidate gap is a matched-density spatial pore gradient and recovered thickness, rather than foam recoverability generally.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Anisotropy Effects in the Shape‐Memory Performance of Polymer Foams - Sauter - 2021 - Macromolecular Materials and Engineering - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mame.202000730 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Progressive compaction of soft cellular structures with layer-wisely designed gradient porosity - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026382312300112X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced Compression Properties of Open-Cell Foams Reinforced with Shear-Thickening Fluids and Shear-Stiffening Polymers — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12073112/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- In vitro and in vivo degradation correlations for polyurethane foams with tunable degradation rates - Vakil - 2023 - Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.a.37504 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

003. H0020 — Particle shape mixtures could reduce granular settling

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: Adding a small fraction of mildly elongated grains to spherical grains will reduce vibration-induced bed compaction by forming transient interlocking structures.

Test: Vibrate matched beds at controlled acceleration; measure packing fraction and image rearrangements across several shape fractions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Compaction does not decrease or differences are explained by initial packing fraction alone.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Nonspherical grain packing and mixing are studied. Verify the small elongated-grain fraction, matched initial packing, and weak-vibration compaction regime.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Tuning the bulk properties of bidisperse granular mixtures by small amount of fines - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591015301856 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- How particle shape affects granular segregation in industrial and geophysical flows. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38285942/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhancing the linear flow of fine granules through the addition of elongated particles - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4638156/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of particle shape mixture on strength and structure of sheared granular materials — https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.012904 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

004. H0070 — Moss canopy spacing could alter rehydration efficiency

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: An intermediate spacing between moss shoots will maximize retained water after a short mist pulse by balancing interception and drainage.

Test: Arrange comparable shoots at several spacings; measure retained water per dry biomass under matched mist and airflow, using inert replicas to separate geometry effects.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Retention changes monotonically or any maximum disappears after exposed area is accounted for.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Moss shoot spacing and growth are studied. Verify the proposed water-retention maximum after a short mist pulse normalized by dry biomass and exposed area.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effect of shoot spacing on the growth and branch development of the moss Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus - BATES - 1988 - New Phytologist - Wiley Online Library — https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb03726.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Associations between shoot-level water relations and photosynthetic responses to water and light in 12 moss species - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6012793/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanisms behind species-specific water economy responses to water level drawdown in peat mosses | Annals of Botany | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/126/2/219/5809350?rss=1 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Plug method allows measurement of apical and lateral growth of fen brown mosses — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03736687.2024.2405800 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

005. H0072 — Grain angularity could control salt-crust cracking

Area: H. Minerals, sediment, and atmospheric processes

Hypothesis: More angular mineral grains will produce finer salt-crust crack spacing during evaporation than rounded grains with the same size distribution and porosity.

Test: Dry matched saline grain beds; map cracks, evaporation rate, and salt depth distribution.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Crack spacing is unchanged after drying rate and porosity are matched.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Grain angularity and salt precipitation are established topics. Check whether crack spacing, rather than precipitation amount or crust thickness, remains an unmeasured response.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effects of grain angularity on NaCl precipitation in porous media during evaporation - Norouzi Rad - 2014 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014WR016125 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of grain angularity on <fc>N</fc>a<fc>C</fc>l precipitation in porous media during evaporation - Norouzi Rad - 2014 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016125 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Coupled Brittle and Viscous Micromechanisms Produce Semibrittle Flow, Grain‐Boundary Sliding, and Anelasticity in Salt‐Rock - Ding - 2021 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020JB021261 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Inter-granular damage in experimentally deformed rock-salt investigated by X-ray micro-tomography: confining pressure and brine effects - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191814125001634 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

006. H0174 — Emulsion size order and drainage

Area: FLUID DYNAMICS AND SOFT MATTER

Hypothesis: A vertical emulsion with small droplets above large droplets will drain at a different rate from the reversed arrangement at equal total dispersed volume.

Test: Image droplet sizes, liquid profiles, and coalescence during drainage.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Drainage is orientation-independent after initial liquid distribution is matched.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Emulsion drainage and polydispersity are studied. Check the proposed reversal of vertical size order at matched overall composition and liquid profile.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Late stage drainage of block copolymer stabilized emulsion drops. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27834433/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Late stage drainage of block copolymer stabilized emulsion drops - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/sm/c6sm01938b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of film size on drainage of foam and emulsion films - Malhotra - 1987 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aic.690330913 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A numerical model for the development of the morphology of disperse blends in complex flow | Rheologica Acta | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00397-018-01126-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

007. H0183 — Patterned adhesion and dust shedding angle

Area: OPTOMECHANICS, SOUND, AND FUNCTIONAL SURFACES

Hypothesis: An array of low-adhesion paths connecting to an edge will shed inert dust at a lower tilt angle than isolated low-adhesion islands of equal area.

Test: Measure dust removal, charge, humidity, and surface topography with controlled particle loading.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Shedding thresholds are unchanged or depend only on electrostatic charging.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Tilt-driven dust shedding and patterned adhesion are studied. Verify whether connected low-adhesion exit paths improve shedding over isolated islands at matched charge and coverage.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Modulating Particle Adhesion with Micro-patterned Surfaces | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/am500887w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bio‐Inspired Interlocking Micro‐Patterning for Tunable, Switchable and Selective Adhesion in Wet and Dusty Environments - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12177846/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- In Situ Observation Reveals Local Detachment Mechanisms and Suction Effects in Micropatterned Adhesives - Tinnemann - 2019 - Advanced Functional Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201807713 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaluation of Material Properties for Practical Microstructured Adhesives: Low Dust Adhesion and High Shear Strength | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.8b19895 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

008. H0270 — Soil aggregate compression and rewetting

Area: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL INTERFACES

Hypothesis: Mild compression before drying will increase rewetting fragmentation of weak soil analog aggregates more than compression after drying at equal final density.

Test: Use defined sterile mineral-organic mixtures; image cracks, wetting, and fragment sizes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Fragmentation depends only on final density and water content.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Compaction and wet-dry aggregate breakdown are studied. Check the order of compression relative to drying at equal final density and water content.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Drying-wetting cycles promote greater soil structure recovery after compaction more than freezing-thawing, but laboratory tests overestimate field responses - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198726002874 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Similarities in Evolution of Aggregate Size Distributions during Successive Wetting and Drying Cycles of Heavy Textured Soils of Variable Clay Mineralogy — https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/9/2/30/xml — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of sample pretreatment on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry on soils of different cropping history - HAYNES - 1993 - Journal of Soil Science - Wiley Online Library — https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb00450.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- 2.6.2 Apparatus and Procedures — https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/uzf/abs_pubs/papers/mosa.ag.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

009. H0280 — Foam drainage and wall curvature

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A gently concave wall will retain a thicker draining foam layer than a convex wall of equal curvature magnitude at matched wettability.

Test: Measure liquid fraction, bubble motion, and retained thickness in matched fixtures.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Thickness differences disappear after capillary boundary pressure is included.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Container shape and wettability already influence foam drainage. Verify equal-magnitude concave versus convex wall curvature with matched wetting and liquid fraction.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Container effects on the free drainage of wet foams - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250908006465 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental study on improvement effect of guide wall to water flow in bend of spillway chute. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26877052/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- (PDF) Foam Stability in Inclined Wells. — https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13322.08647 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Asymmetric Drainage in Foam Films N4.1 | MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-online-proceedings-library-archive/article/abs/asymmetric-drainage-in-foam-films-n41/676BA767039A22B71336EBFC3612C544 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

010. H0290 — Evaporative salt recovery geometry

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: A removable porous insert placed above a brine reservoir will localize crystallization more effectively when its cross-section narrows upward than when it is uniform.

Test: Measure crystal location, recovered salt, and liquid supply for benign salts at equal evaporation rate.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Localization and recoverability do not improve or capillary flow fails earlier.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Porous inserts and controlled salt harvesting are studied. Verify upward taper versus uniform shape at matched evaporation and quantified capillary supply.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Enhancing Evaporative Flux and Desalinization in Saline Soils via Porous Ceramic Inserts — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/18/7/851 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hierarchical evaporator with interfacial chemistry–directed crystallization for efficient evaporation and controllable salt recovery - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586626019222 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Simultaneous Salt Rejection and Heat Localization Via Engineering Macrochannels in Morning Glory‐Shaped 3D Evaporator — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11515903/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Migration of sodium chloride in dry porous materials | Proceedings A | The Royal Society — https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0710 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

011. H0333 — Joint taper and creep

Area: Adhesion and joining

Hypothesis: A gradual adhesive-thickness taper will reduce concentrated creep strain at lap-joint ends.

Test: Track full-field strain during sustained loading.

Controls: Adhesive chemistry, contact area, curing conditions, and loading speed

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Tapered adhesive joints and creep are studied. Verify whether the proposed bondline-thickness profile improves peak creep strain independently of joint stiffness.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A comprehensive experimental study on bi-adhesive single lap joints using DIC technique - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102674 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Interfacial Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joint — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/15/2403 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Interfacial Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Lap Joint - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6695614/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- increases with increasing load and frequency, can result in thermal softening of the adhesive, adversely affecting the fatigue performance of composite joint. Reliable data can be obtained at high frequencies provided the stress levels are low. Test frequencies of the order of 10 to 30 Hz can result in substantial heating, particularly in the grip regions. The upper frequency limit will be dependent upon the thermal conductivity of the adherend/adhesive system, mode of loading and specimen size. Trials may be necessary to determine the upper frequency limit. — https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/2423/1/MGPG28.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

012. H0341 — Gel deswelling fronts

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: A lateral stiffness gradient will curve a deswelling front in a hydrogel strip.

Test: Image front position and local modulus during controlled solvent exchange.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Stiffness-gradient hydrogels are studied. Verify front curvature during deswelling under a lateral gradient rather than fabrication of gradients alone.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The dynamics of a hydrogel strip. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1306365/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Swaying gel: chemo-mechanical self-oscillation based on dynamic buckling - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S2590238521000023 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Modeling Osmotic Deswelling of Composite Hydrogels with Finite Element Analysis - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12290912/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Load-dependent surface nanomechanical properties of poly-HEMA hydrogels in aqueous medium - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C9SM01113G — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/sm/c9sm01113g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

013. H0346 — Hydrogel skin perforation

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: Sparse skin perforations will reduce swelling delay more than expected from their fractional open area.

Test: Measure uptake and deformation across perforation densities.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: The search returned irrelevant clinical perforation papers, which were excluded. Improve searches for synthetic hydrogel skin transport and compare time gains with actual open area.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hydrogel-forming microneedles increase in volume during swelling in skin, but skin barrier function recovery is unaffected - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24633895/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hydrogel-forming microneedles increase in volume during swelling in skin, but skin barrier function recovery is unaffected - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4119956/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hybrid Hydrogel Composed of Hyaluronic Acid, Gelatin, and Extracellular Cartilage Matrix for Perforated TM Repair - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8741272/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Obstructed swelling and fracture of hydrogels — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/sm/d3sm01470c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

014. H0350 — Hydrogel particle contacts

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: Flat-faced gel particles will form a stronger compressed packing than spherical particles at equal swelling and solid fraction.

Test: Measure packing modulus and contact rearrangements.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Soft polygonal particle compaction is studied. Verify swelling-matched hydrogel contact geometry and recovered packing modulus.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Deswelling and deformation of microgels in concentrated packings - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5579048/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Deswelling and deformation of microgels in concentrated packings - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860537/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Transparent experiments: releasing data from mechanical tests on three dimensional hydrogel sphere packings | Granular Matter | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10035-019-0985-4 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Deswelling and deformation of microgels in concentrated packings — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10788-y.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

015. H0393 — Granular vibration polarization

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Elliptically polarized vibration will generate stronger shape-dependent segregation than linear vibration at equal energy.

Test: Track mixed-shape grains in enclosed beds.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Vibration-based granular segregation is studied. The gap would need the elliptical-versus-linear forcing contrast at matched measured energy and shape distribution.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Size segregation in vibrated granular systems: A reversible process | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.56.1059 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Density-driven segregation in vertically vibrated binary granular mixtures | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.75.061302 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self-replicating segregation patterns in horizontally vibrated binary mixture of granules - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10912327/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self-replicating segregation patterns in horizontally vibrated binary mixture of granules | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55876-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

016. H0394 — Grain surface patchiness

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Patchy friction will produce more intermittent hopper flow than uniform friction at equal mean coefficient.

Test: Measure discharge and particle rotations.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Friction-dependent hopper intermittency is studied. Verify patchy friction versus spatially uniform friction at matched mean coefficient.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Intermittency and velocity fluctuations in hopper flows prone to clogging - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627374/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Statistics of intermittent granular flow from confined tabletop experiments | La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40766-024-00055-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Response of bed surface patchiness to reductions in sediment supply - Nelson - 2009 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008JF001144 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Low-friction soft particles add intermittency and avalanches to the flow of rigid particles in a hopper - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121000 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

017. H0432 — Evaporator edge insulation

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Insulating only an evaporator edge will reduce salt accumulation there at equal total evaporation.

Test: Map temperature and benign salt deposition.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Nonuniform evaporator temperatures and salt deposition are studied. Verify insulation confined to the edge and salt redistribution at equal total evaporation.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics of water vapor flux and water separation processes during evaporation from a salty dry soil - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169410006979 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Double-Sided Suspending Evaporator with Top Water Supply for Concurrent Solar Evaporation and Salt Harvesting. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189112/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Advanced solar desalination on superwetting surfaces - Journal of Materials Chemistry A (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D2TA03255D — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2005/v1/d2ta03255d — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Engineering high environmental robustness in solar evaporation to bridge the lab-to-field performance gap | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71004-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

018. H0437 — Evaporative surface rotation

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Slow periodic orientation changes will reduce persistent dry patches in a wick.

Test: Image wetness and measure evaporation.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Capillary evaporator dry patches are studied. Verify periodic orientation changes after correcting for instantaneous hydrostatic head.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Droplets Wicking in Thin Materials Exhibit Universal Drying Dynamics - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41138113/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Droplets Wicking in Thin Materials Exhibit Universal Drying Dynamics | Phys. Rev. Lett. — https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/rx8p-st39 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental investigation of shape-enhanced rotating cylinders with electric heaters and solar panels for augmented pyramid solar still performance | PLOS One — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0330070 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evolution of dry patches in evaporating liquid films. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16241452/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

019. H0439 — Condensate track junction angles

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Acute track junctions will retain less liquid than right-angle junctions at equal wettability.

Test: Measure residual droplets after drainage.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 30 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Junction geometry and droplet transport are studied. Verify residual condensate at acute versus right-angle open wetting tracks, rather than enclosed-channel sorting.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Wettability alteration to intermediate gas-wetting in low-permeability gas-condensate reservoirs | Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13202-014-0119-9 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Wettability Alteration of Berea Sandstone for Gas Condensate Applications - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10666223/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Splitting Dynamics of Liquid Slugs at a T‐Junction - Xue - 2020 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020WR027730 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore-Scale Analysis of Condensate Blockage Mitigation by Wettability Alteration — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4673 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

020. H0602 — End-face sealing pattern — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, discontinuous end-face seals will produce larger local moisture gradients than a continuous partial-area seal.

Test: Map moisture after controlled humidity steps with matched sealed area.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Local gradients do not differ after seal permeability is measured.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Wood edge sealing and moisture transport are studied. Verify seal connectivity at equal sealed area and directly measured permeability.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Moisture-uptake induced internal stresses in balsa core sandwich composite plate: Modeling and experimental - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263822314004450 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On Wood–Water Interactions in the Over-Hygroscopic Moisture Range—Mechanisms, Methods, and Influence of Wood Modification — https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/9/779 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: The effects of joints on the moisture behaviour of rain exposed wood: a numerical study with experimental validation — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17480272.2019.1600163 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

021. H0603 — Compression during rewetting — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, mild compression during rewetting will increase retained shape change compared with compression after equilibration.

Test: Compare recovered dimensions and stiffness after identical peak load.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Retained shape change does not depend on loading stage.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Water immersion effect on swelling and compression properties of Eco-Core, PVC foam and balsa wood - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263822309000919 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic response and energy dissipation characteristics of balsa wood: experiment and analysis - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002076830300057X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spring-back of Wood after Longitudinal Compression - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/505/1/012018 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A biomimetic mineralized wood-based composite material with water-mediated reversible switching between dryness–rigidity and wetness–flexibility - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669024018168/pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

022. H0604 — Notch humidity cycling — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, shallow notches will amplify local swelling strain more during fast than slow humidity cycles.

Test: Use digital image correlation while measuring moisture uptake.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Notch strain amplification is independent of cycle speed.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- An experimental and numerical study of moisture transport and moisture-induced strain in fast-grown Sitka spruce — https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-221X2019005000105&script=sci_arttext_plus&tlng=en — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An experimental and numerical study of moisture transport and moisture-induced strain in fast-grown Sitka spruce — https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-221X2019000100045&script=sci_arttext — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Real-time full-field measurement of stress and moisture content in wood by integrating DIC and finite element modeling - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207426001433 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Biomaterials heterogeneous displacement, strain and swelling under hydric sorption/desorption: 2D image correlation on spruce wood - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061821007571 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

023. H0605 — Thermal pretreatment gradient — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, a shallow heat-treatment gradient will direct bending during hydration more reproducibly than a sharp treatment boundary.

Test: Map chemistry, modulus, and curvature across repeated humidity cycles.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Bending repeatability is no better with a graded treatment.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Thermal Modification of Spruce and Maple Wood for Special Wood Products - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9325140/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Brasil - Effects of termal treatment on the physical properties of Buchenavia sp. (branquilho) wood Effects of termal treatment on the physical properties of <i>Buchenavia</i> sp. (branquilho) wood — https://www.scielo.br/j/ac/a/4LZ8qtKr468XLzxyzgPgVVB/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Preparation and Performance of Biomimetic Zebra-Striped Wood-Based Photothermal Evaporative Materials — https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/5/334 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Moisture-induced bending of an oak board exposed to bilateral humidity fluctuations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710219303018 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

024. H0606 — Fiber junction lubrication — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, small retained amounts of a compatible nonreactive lubricant will reduce humidity-driven acoustic emission before changing bulk stiffness.

Test: Measure emission events, stiffness, and lubricant retention during cycling.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Emission reduction occurs only alongside comparable stiffness changes.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- On-line surveillance of lubricants in bearings by means of surface acoustic waves. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20040436/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Moisture Effects on Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Damage Mechanisms of Balsa Wood Core Composite Sandwich under 4-Point Bending. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38473516/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A new methodology to predict moisture effects on mechanical behaviors of GFRP-BALSA sandwich by acoustic emission and infrared thermography - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263822322001477 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Moisture Effects on Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Damage Mechanisms of Balsa Wood Core Composite Sandwich under 4-Point Bending — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/5/1044 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

025. H0607 — Pore blockage locality — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, blocking a few large transport channels will slow drying more than distributing equal blocker mass among small channels.

Test: Image pore filling and record mass-loss curves.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: Drying differences are explained by total blocked volume alone.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The Effect of Drying Methods on the Pore Structure of Balsa Wood Aerogels - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40574214/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The Effect of Drying Methods on the Pore Structure of Balsa Wood Aerogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12197148/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nature-inspired salt resistant bimodal porous solar evaporator for efficient and stable water desalination - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ee/c9ee00945k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The Effect of Drying Methods on the Pore Structure of Balsa Wood Aerogels — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/17/12/1686 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

026. H0610 — Surface densification depth — balsa wood

Area: Wood and plant-derived porous solids

Hypothesis: For balsa wood, intermediate surface densification will minimize wetting-induced roughness without strongly slowing drying.

Test: Measure topography and drying across densification depths.

Controls: Dry density, grain or fiber direction, specimen size, equilibrium moisture, treatment chemistry, and actual temperature.

Against: No intermediate regime improves roughness while preserving drying rate.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Cutting and clamping tools, balance, humidity enclosure, calibrated imaging, and moisture or stiffness measurements.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Microstructure and Mechanism of Grain Raising in Wood — https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/7/9/135 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface changes in wood submitted to thermomechanical densification — https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/maderas/v26/0718-221X-maderas-26-00442.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Stability of planed and precision planed solid wood surfaces due to wetting — https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-221X2019000100123&script=sci_arttext — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self‐Densification of Highly Mesoporous Wood Structure into a Strong and Transparent Film - Li - 2020 - Advanced Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202003653 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

027. H0711 — Solvent-front pauses — silica thin-layer chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For silica thin-layer chromatography, a short solvent-front pause will broaden strongly retained bands more than weakly retained bands.

Test: Interrupt flow reproducibly and image multiple independently characterized tracers.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Broadening does not depend on tracer retention.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Analysis of multiple front formation in the wetting of thin-layer plates. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3356755/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The experimental design approach to eluotropic strength of 20 solvents in thin-layer chromatography on silica gel - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069169/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Solvent selection and method development for thin-layer chromatography - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323999700000065 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The silica-gel surface and its interactions with solvent and solute in liquid chromatography - Faraday Symposia of the Chemical Society (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1980/fs/fs9801500049 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

028. H0714 — Chamber humidity history — silica thin-layer chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For silica thin-layer chromatography, humidity cycling before development will alter selectivity more than mean migration speed.

Test: Measure pairwise tracer separation and front position after conditioning.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Selectivity remains unchanged once retained water is matched.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of relative humidity on the thin-layer chromatographic separation of E 472 emulsifiers | JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00764-023-00260-1 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9457172/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079412/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Reprocible RF values in thin-layer adsorption chromatography - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967300998686 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

029. H0715 — Front curvature correction — silica thin-layer chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For silica thin-layer chromatography, edge reservoir wicks will flatten the advancing solvent front and reduce edge-band distortion.

Test: Compare full-width front maps with and without edge reservoirs.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Front flatness and band distortion do not improve together.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Analysis of multiple front formation in the wetting of thin-layer plates. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3356755/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Monolithic Silica Microbands Enable Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Single Cells — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9789895/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Application of RF correction in thin-layer chromatography by means of two reference RF values - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021967370800553 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bifurcation and Transposition of the Wicking Front of Binary Solutions Infiltrating into Chromatography Paper Associated with Their Evaporation - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10688430/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

030. H0732 — Loading footprint aspect ratio — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, a narrow transverse loading line will reduce migration-direction dispersion relative to a circular spot of equal area.

Test: Compare band variance at matched loaded mass and travel distance.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Variance is no smaller after initial footprint is included.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced passive mixing for paper microfluidics‡ — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8311897/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of Starch on Latex Migration and on Paper Coating Properties | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie200807w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced passive mixing for paper microfluidics - RSC Advances (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D1RA04916J — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/ra/d1ra04916j — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

031. H0733 — Substrate tension — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, mild uniform tension will reduce lateral band wandering by stabilizing pore alignment.

Test: Image tracer trajectories at several non-damaging tensions.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Wandering does not decrease or is explained by changed mean front speed.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- [[On the problem of starch paper chromatography].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13779115/) — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rational selection of substrates to improve color intensity and uniformity on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices - Analyst (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/an/c4an00230j — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31824030/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

032. H0736 — Gradient prewetting — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, a shallow prewetting gradient will reduce startup fingering compared with uniform partial wetting.

Test: Map solvent fronts and tracer transport at matched initial liquid content.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Fingering is no lower after uptake rate is matched.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Visualising the onset of viscous fingering in chromatography columns. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16620860/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dissolvable fluidic time delays for programming multi-step assays in instrument-free paper diagnostics — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3710703/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Zone migration in paper chromatography - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967301969882 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

033. H0737 — Repeated low-mass loading — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, several dried low-mass loads will produce sharper bands than one wet load of equal solute mass.

Test: Compare initial deposits and developed band widths.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Final sharpness does not improve after initial spot width is considered.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31824030/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Quantitative measurements on wetted thin layer chromatography plates using a charge coupled device camera - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021967305013245 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dissolvable fluidic time delays for programming multi-step assays in instrument-free paper diagnostics — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3710703/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

034. H0738 — Reversed development — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, reversing development direction after a short first run will expose retention hysteresis beyond simple diffusion.

Test: Track tracer displacement against a nonretained reference.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Return displacements agree with a reversible transport model.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FAT-SOLUBLE FOOD DYES ON THIN STARCH LAYERS WITH STATIONARY NON-POLAR PHASES. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14208781/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- DRYING OF A PAPER COATING : EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND MODELLING: Drying Technology: Vol 15, No 9 — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07373939708917352 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

035. H0739 — Temperature ramp timing — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, a mild temperature ramp late in development will alter late-band spacing more than the same ramp early.

Test: Measure band positions and solvent evaporation across matched ramp energies.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Spacing depends only on mean temperature and travel distance.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Temperature as a Variable in Ion-exchange Paper Chromatography | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/2001314b0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14155325/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Temperature Effects in the Paper Partition Chromatography of Sugars | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/177327a0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Chemical Tracking of Temperature by Concurrent Periodic Precipitation Pattern Formation in Polyacrylamide Gels | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/aamick/article/14/5/7252/931375 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

036. H0740 — Support contact pattern — starch-coated paper chromatography

Area: Capillary and thin-layer chromatography

Hypothesis: For starch-coated paper chromatography, sparse support contacts will produce less local band distortion than continuous support under unequal heating.

Test: Map support temperature and tracer paths.

Controls: Use compatible benign tracer mixtures, a verified separating mobile phase, matched loading, layer thickness, chamber saturation, and temperature.

Against: Sparse contacts do not reduce distortion after temperature differences are measured.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Compatible chromatography media, benign separable tracer mixture, development chamber, calibrated imaging, and temperature/humidity logging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6629043/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thin-Layer Chromatography Experiments That Illustrate General Problems in Chromatography | Journal of Chemical Education | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed073p974 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Continuous Flow Spotting for Paper Chromatograms | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/202795b0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Large-Scale, Preparative Paper Chromatography. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31824030/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

037. H0802 — Baffle gap sequence — glass-bead water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For glass-bead water suspension, progressively widening baffle gaps will reduce resuspension during flow increases.

Test: Compare outlet transients with reversed and uniform gap sequences.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Gap order does not change resuspension at matched hydraulic work.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fine particle deposition to porous beds - Hamm - 2011 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010WR010295 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

038. H0803 — Pulsed drain timing — glass-bead water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For glass-bead water suspension, draining settled particles during low-flow intervals will reduce losses relative to draining during high flow.

Test: Measure recovered solids and effluent concentration across schedules.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Recovery does not improve at equal drain volume.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Sediment Resuspension and Transport in Water Distribution Storage Tanks - Ho - 2016 - Journal AWWA - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.5942/jawwa.2016.108.0077 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fine particle deposition to porous beds - Hamm - 2011 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010WR010295 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The influence of hydraulic loads on depth filtration - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411006725 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

039. H0805 — Split inlet phase — glass-bead water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For glass-bead water suspension, out-of-phase inlet pulses will reduce coherent recirculation and improve settling.

Test: Measure flow fields and size-resolved removal at equal mean throughput.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Improvement is absent or explained by longer residence time.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Measuring two-phase particle flux with a multi-frequency acoustic Doppler profiler. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26723335/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental Measurement of Enhanced and Hindered Particle Settling in Turbulent Gas‐Particle Suspensions, and Geophysical Implications - Penlou - 2023 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025809 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Acoustic probing of the particle concentration in turbulent granular suspensions in air — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7538992/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Solids suspension in stirred tanks with pitched blade turbines - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000925090300023X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

040. H0831 — Inlet widening profile — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, a gradual inlet expansion will reduce particle carryover more than an abrupt expansion at equal chamber volume.

Test: Measure outlet particle mass and velocity fields.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Carryover is not reduced after residence time is matched.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Steady suspension flows into two-dimensional horizontal and inclined channels - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301932296000432 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

041. H0834 — Sloped floor microtexture — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, shallow downstream grooves will reduce retained solids after a gravity-only discharge.

Test: Map residual deposits and collected mass.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Residual mass is unchanged after floor friction is measured.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A new technique for measuring the bed surface texture during flow and application to a degradational sand‐gravel laboratory experiment - Orrú - 2016 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016WR018938 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | Geomorphology Journal | Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/esp.5562 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Grain Surface‐Roughness Effects on Colloidal Retention in the Vadose Zone - Morales - 2009 - Vadose Zone Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2136/vzj2007.0171 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

042. H0836 — Wall compliance surge buffer — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, a compliant inlet wall will reduce short-surge particle breakthrough.

Test: Measure pressure, wall motion, and outlet particles during identical surges.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Breakthrough is unchanged at matched mean flow.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The impact of flow surges on rapid gravity filtration. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19095278/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Dynamic impact of a water and sediments surge against a rigid wall — https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1579113 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Dynamic impact of a water and sediments surge against a rigid wall — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00221686.2019.1579113 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The impact of flow surges on rapid gravity filtration - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135408006052 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

043. H0837 — Bed thickness warning — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, pressure fluctuations will detect incipient resuspension before outlet turbidity rises.

Test: Track pressure spectra, bed images, and calibrated turbidity.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Pressure gives no earlier warning at a matched false-alarm rate.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Across‐shelf sediment transport: Interactions between suspended sediment and bed sediment - Harris - 2002 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2000JC000634 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of a Porous Sand Bed on Incipient Sediment Motion - Martin - 1970 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006I004P01162 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Laboratory observations of flow and sediment transport induced by plunging regular waves - Sumer - 2013 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013JC009324/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Predicting incipient motion, including the effect of turbulent pressure fluctuations in the bed - Vollmer - 2007 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR004919 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

044. H0838 — Distributed outlet sampling — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, many small outlets will reduce preferential particle escape compared with one equal-area outlet.

Test: Map concentration near outlets and total carryover.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Carryover does not decrease after flow uniformity is included.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Precision of a splitting device for water samples — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr95293 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Precision of a splitting device for water samples | U.S. Geological Survey — https://www.usgs.gov/publications/precision-a-splitting-device-water-samples — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70017325 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Representative point‐integrated suspended sediment sampling in rivers - Gitto - 2017 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016WR019187/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

045. H0839 — Tilt reversal cleanup — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, a brief small tilt reversal will release trapped solids more effectively than a constant tilt.

Test: Measure cleanup mass and subsequent effluent contamination.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Released mass is no higher or contamination eliminates the gain.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Vortex trapping of suspended sand grains over ripples — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70260472 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Vortex trapping of suspended sand grains over ripples | U.S. Geological Survey — https://www.usgs.gov/publications/vortex-trapping-suspended-sand-grains-over-ripples — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Vortex Trapping of Suspended Sand Grains Over Ripples - Frank‐Gilchrist - 2024 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023JF007620 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Vortex Trapping of Suspended Sand Grains Over Ripples - Frank‐Gilchrist - 2024 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JF007620 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

046. H0840 — Quiet-zone placement — rounded sand water suspension

Area: Settling chambers and passive particle separation

Hypothesis: For rounded sand water suspension, placing a quiet zone downstream of recirculation will outperform an equal zone upstream.

Test: Compare size-dependent removal and tracer residence distributions.

Controls: Particle size distribution, loading, liquid properties, residence time, chamber volume, and actual hydraulic work. Use enclosed inert model suspensions.

Against: Zone placement has no independent effect on removal.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Transparent low-pressure flow chamber, controlled water delivery, balance or particle counter, and calibrated flow imaging.

Screening score: 29 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental insights into separation zone and recirculation flows in open channel bifurcation | Flow | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/flow/article/experimental-insights-into-separation-zone-and-recirculation-flows-in-open-channel-bifurcation/66077F98B1046C97C4D3E20607988562 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Field Experiments to Identify and Eliminate Recirculation Zones to Improve Indoor Ventilation: Comparison with CFD — https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41403-022-00335-1.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

047. H0395 — Granular confinement elasticity

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Soft sidewalls will broaden the distribution of force-chain lifetimes under slow compression.

Test: Use photoelastic grains and calibrated wall stiffness.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 28 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Evolution of distributions and spatial correlations of single-particle forces and stresses during compression of ductile granular materials. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15697593/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Granular chains with soft boundaries: Slowing the transition to quasiequilibrium. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25974484/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On granular elasticity - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4423350/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Soft-grain compression: Beyond the jamming point. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31770891/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

048. H0398 — Grain hole orientation

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Perforated grains will align their holes with shear more slowly than solid shape-matched grains.

Test: Image orientations in a slow shear cell.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: modest bench or workshop; calibration still required. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 28 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effects of grain shape on packing and dilatancy of sheared granular materials - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C4SM00838C — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/sm/c4sm00838c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of grain shape on packing and dilatancy of sheared granular materials. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911156/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of grain shape on packing and dilatancy of sheared granular materials - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/sm/c4sm00838c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Packing, alignment and flow of shape-anisotropic grains in a 3D silo experiment - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/093017 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

049. H0008 — Surface charge gradients could select bubble detachment sites

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: At fixed roughness and average wettability, a lateral surface-charge gradient will bias the locations where dissolved-gas bubbles detach under mild pressure reduction.

Test: Image bubble events on gradient, reversed-gradient, and uniform surfaces; independently characterize charge and contact angle.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Detachment positions do not follow gradient reversal or correlate only with roughness defects.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Contact line dynamics modulated by electrode roughness determines bubble detachment size - Chemical Communications (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/cc/d5cc02994e?page=search — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble detachment from patterned solid surfaces: Roles of wettability contrast and domain geometry - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894725121177 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble detachment from patterned solid surfaces: Roles of wettability contrast and domain geometry - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.171271 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Exploring the influence of surface roughness on the interface phenomenon between an air bubble and a glass bead: An experimental and theoretical investigation - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.109126 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

050. H0015 — Filler spacing could control heat-induced crack initiation

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: At fixed filler volume fraction, a narrow distribution of particle-to-particle spacings will delay thermal-cycle crack initiation in a brittle composite relative to clustered particles.

Test: Prepare dispersed and clustered samples with matched porosity; thermal-cycle them and image the first cracks.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Initiation times do not differ or track porosity rather than spacing.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Evaluation of thermal fatigue crack propagation in underfill resin materials for electronic packages - Watanabe - 2022 - Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ffe.13664 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A numerical study of void distribution effects on dynamic, ductile crack growth - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001379449190079G — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

051. H0016 — Precompression could tune acoustic damping reversibly

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: A soft lattice containing near-contact struts will exhibit a maximum in acoustic damping at an intermediate static precompression where contacts repeatedly open and close.

Test: Sweep precompression while measuring vibration decay and imaging contacts; compare with a lattice lacking near-contact gaps.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: No intermediate maximum occurs or it persists unchanged without intermittent contacts.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Frequency-Adaptable Tuned Mass Damper Using Metal Cushions — https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631x/4/1/7 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frequency-Adaptable Tuned Mass Damper Using Metal Cushions — https://www.mdpi.com/2571-631X/4/1/7 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pneumatically controlled lattices with tunable mechanical behavior — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12820119/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- In situ dynamic compression wave behavior in additively manufactured lattice materials | Journal of Materials Research | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-materials-research/article/in-situ-dynamic-compression-wave-behavior-in-additively-manufactured-lattice-materials/F0E14FFB0C43AE68C8CF6CCA5DB97EB5 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

052. H0018 — Defect gradients could arrest lattice failure

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: A gradual increase in deliberately missing struts toward a lattice boundary will reduce abrupt catastrophic failure compared with randomly placed missing struts of the same total number.

Test: Compress printed lattices; compare load drops, energy absorption, and failure progression while matching print orientation.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Failure remains equally abrupt or energy absorption declines without improved stability.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Frontiers | The Effects of Defects and Damage in the Mechanical Behavior of Ti6Al4V Lattices — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2019.00117/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Breaking better: How defects activate multiple toughening mechanisms in lattice materials - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167844226000492 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Addressing manufacturing defects in architected materials via anisotropy: minimal viable case | Acta Mechanica | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00707-024-03855-9 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

053. H0022 — Phase-change pore spacing could reduce thermal overshoot

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: Separating phase-change material into closely spaced cavities will reduce peak temperature during short heat pulses relative to one cavity of equal total volume.

Test: Compare matched heat spreaders across pulse durations; measure melt fraction and peak temperature with equal input energy.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Peak reduction is absent or attributable solely to extra conductive material.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Pore-scale investigation on effects of void cavity distribution on melting of composite phase change materials - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030626192030814X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pore Shape on Heat Transfer Behavior of Phase Change Materials in Porous Metal Structures - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11280414/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore-scale melting behaviors in composite phase change material with porosity gradients - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431123016885 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental and numerical investigations on the effect of porosity and PPI gradients of metal foams on the thermal performance of a composite phase change material heat sink - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120454 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

054. H0023 — Humidity could produce a thermal-contact memory

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: A porous ceramic contact will retain a measurable change in thermal conductance after a humidity pulse because liquid bridges persist at asperities.

Test: Measure conductance before, during, and after humidity exposure at fixed contact force; compare nonporous and hydrophobized controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Conductance returns immediately or follows instrument drift rather than retained water.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- High-Sensitivity and Low-Hysteresis Porous MIM-Type Capacitive Humidity Sensor Using Functional Polymer Mixed with TiO2 Microparticles — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5335950/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effect of relative humidity, temperature and electrical field on leakage currents in piezo-ceramic actuators under dc bias - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424709000351 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- High-Sensitivity and Low-Hysteresis Porous MIMType Capacitive Humidity Sensor Using Functional Polymer Mixed with TiO2 Microparticles - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28157167/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Sensing mechanism of a porous ceramic as humidity sensor - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925400599001872 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

055. H0025 — Flow pauses could improve heat removal per pumping energy

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: Short pauses in microchannel coolant flow will improve heat removed per unit pumping energy over steady flow in a limited regime where boundary layers repeatedly reform.

Test: Compare steady and pulsed flow at equal mean pumping power and heat input; measure maximum wall temperature as well as total heat removal.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Any apparent efficiency gain disappears when actual hydraulic work and temperature excursions are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental evaluation of thermal and hydraulic performance in multi-layer microchannel heat sinks with various flow configurations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142727X26000263 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Flow boiling in parallel microchannels in a pumped two-phase loop: Flow visualization and thermal characteristics - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107566 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Numerical Analysis on Thermal and Flow Performance of Honeycomb-Structured Microchannel Cooling Plate for IGBT — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/16/4455 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Experimental Study on the Effect of Stabilization on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01457630701328304 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

056. H0026 — Particle alignment could decouple heat flow directions

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: Aligning elongated insulating inclusions in a conductive composite will suppress transverse thermal conductivity more strongly than longitudinal conductivity at low inclusion fractions.

Test: Measure both directions in aligned and random samples; characterize voids, inclusion orientation, and electrical conductivity separately.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Thermal anisotropy is absent or follows unintended void alignment.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- role of spheroidal inclusions on the electrical anisotropy of transversely isotropic rocks | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/218/1/508/5449014 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of grain shape elongation in direction and perpendicular to current stream (conductive or insulator) on the electrical characteristics of mixtures | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83223-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Effect of electrically aligned polycrystalline diamond flakes on the through-plane thermal conductivity of heat conduction sheets — https://doi.org/10.1080/26941112.2024.2423643 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Application of Hybrid Fillers for Improving the Through-Plane Heat Transport in Graphite Nanoplatelet-Based Thermal Interface Layers - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4538567/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

057. H0027 — Freeze-front modulation could suppress large ice lenses

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: Brief pauses in directional freezing of a water-saturated porous material will reduce the largest ice-lens thickness relative to continuous freezing with the same overall advance time.

Test: Image ice formation in transparent model sediments while matching initial saturation and average front velocity.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Maximum lens thickness is unchanged or grows under interrupted freezing.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Relationship between growth rate and supercooling in the formation of ice lenses in a glass powder - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022024801022710 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface phase transitions in ice: from fundamental interactions to applications - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501919/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- X‐Ray Tomoscopy Reveals the Dynamics of Ice Templating - Kamm - 2023 - Advanced Functional Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202304738?af=R — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Controls on microstructural features during solidification of colloidal suspensions - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645418304166 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

058. H0030 — Wicking-path branching could stabilize evaporative cooling

Area: C. Heat and energy transport

Hypothesis: A branching wick will maintain a lower temperature variance during fluctuating heat input than parallel straight wicks with equal liquid conductance and evaporating area.

Test: Compare matched wick systems under repeatable heat pulses; image dry patches and measure replenishment rates.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Temperature variance and dryout frequency are unchanged at matched conductance.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Performance Investigation of a Dew-Point Evaporative Air Cooler with Segmented Heat Exchange Design — https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/16/3/477 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporation heat transfer characteristic of porous wick in an open capillary evaporator - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106445 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporative wicking in thin porous media - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931023006816 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental and numerical investigation of wicking and evaporation performance of fibrous materials for evaporative cooling - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778821009592 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

059. H0033 — Pore orientation could identify condensation onset optically

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: An anisotropic porous film will show a change in polarization-dependent scattering before visible bulk condensation because its smallest pores fill first.

Test: Record polarized scattering and water uptake during slow humidity ramps; compare isotropic films with matched pore volume.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: No earlier polarization signal occurs or the signal tracks temperature drift.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Orientational order in liquids upon condensation in nanochannels: An optical birefringence study on rodlike and disclike molecules in monolithic mesoporous silica | Phys. Rev. B — https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.235404 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore-scale evaporation-condensation dynamics resolved by synchrotron x-ray tomography | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.85.016317 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface modification and porosimetry of vertically aligned hexagonal mesoporous silica films - RSC Advances (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C6RA23059H — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2016/ra/c6ra23059h — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Directional Water Collection in Nanopore Networks — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6643867/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

060. H0034 — Gentle vibration could reduce optical fouling accumulation

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: Intermittent low-amplitude vibration of a submerged optical window will reduce particle adhesion at lower average energy than continuous vibration with equal peak amplitude.

Test: Monitor transmission and deposited mass in a standard inert-particle suspension; compare equal-energy schedules and stationary controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Pulsing provides no fouling reduction per unit energy or merely resuspends particles elsewhere in the beam.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on biofouling deterrence: Biofouling: Vol 29 , No 2 - Get Access — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927014.2012.760125 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on biofouling deterrence. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23330727/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Environmental dust repelling from hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces under vibrational excitation - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7462990/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Development, Optimization, Biological Assays, and In Situ Field Immersion of a Transparent Piezoelectric Vibrating System for Antifouling Applications | MDPI — https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/11/2/47 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

061. H0035 — Layer-order reversal could expose optical aging location

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: A two-layer luminescent sensor with distinct emission bands will reveal whether degradation begins near the exposed surface through a layer-order-dependent change in emission ratio.

Test: Age reversed stacks under matched light and oxygen exposure; measure emission spectra and depth-resolved chemical changes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Ratios do not identify the damaged layer or are dominated by changing reabsorption.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Investigating degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes using operando electrically pumped spectroscopy — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13334042/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Highly Efficient Transparent Nanophosphor Films for Tunable White-Light-Emitting Layered Coatings | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces — https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b17368?jav=VoR&rel=cite-as&urlappend=%3Fref%3DPDF — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Sensors for optical thermometry based on luminescence from layered YVO4: Ln3+ (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) thin films made by atomic layer deposition | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-46694-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Long-Term Functional Stability of Organic and Inorganic Modified Luminescent Lyocell Fibers for Security Applications — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/9/1767 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

062. H0036 — Reversible wrinkles could tune diffuse reflection

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: A transparent elastic film with reversible wrinkles will vary its diffuse-to-specular reflection ratio predictably with strain while approximately preserving total reflected power.

Test: Measure angular reflection and wrinkle geometry through repeated strain cycles; include flat-film and permanently rough controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Reflection changes are dominated by absorption or show irreproducible strain hysteresis.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Spatiotemporal modulation of surface texture for information encoding and object manipulation | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74794-3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Light-driven dynamic surface wrinkles for adaptive visible camouflage - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8640843/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fault-Tolerant Electro-Responsive Surfaces for Dynamic Micropattern Molds and Tunable Optics | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-12899-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanically tunable opacity effect in transparent bilayer film: Accurate interpretation and rational applications - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352940719305554 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

063. H0038 — Shape mixtures could make scattering less angle-sensitive

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: A controlled mixture of two dielectric particle shapes will give a flatter angular scattering profile across a selected visible band than either shape alone at equal solids loading.

Test: Measure wavelength- and angle-resolved scattering in dilute samples; verify size distributions and suppress multiple scattering.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Mixtures are no flatter than weighted single-shape measurements predict for the selected target profile.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Angular-momentum-controlled multipolar scattering for geometry-sensitive spectral tuning. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839524/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Optical sorting of dielectric Rayleigh spherical particles with scattering and standing waves. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19333297/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- All-optical Mie void sensor for complex nanoplastic mixtures | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-76199-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Absorption and scattering properties of dense ensembles of nonspherical particles - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975578/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

064. H0043 — Binder distribution could alter wetting hysteresis

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: Localizing a hydrophobic binder at particle contacts will reduce electrolyte infiltration hysteresis compared with uniform binder coverage at the same binder fraction.

Test: Measure infiltration and drainage curves in matched porous electrode samples; image binder distribution and pore structure.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Hysteresis remains unchanged after pore geometry is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Pore-intrusion of polymeric binder in supercapacitor electrodes decreases capacitance — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13150818/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of water‐based binders on electrochemical performance of manganese dioxide cathode in mild aqueous zinc batteries - Chang - 2021 - Carbon Energy - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cey2.84 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of aqueous electrolytes on the wetting behavior of hydrophobic solid polymers-low-rate dynamic liquid/fluid contact angle measurements using axisymmetric drop shape analysis. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16290707/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore-intrusion of polymeric binder in supercapacitor electrodes decreases capacitance - Nanoscale (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D5NR05282C — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/nr/d5nr05282c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

065. H0046 — Mechanical relaxation could restore gel-electrolyte conductivity

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: After repeated compression, a physically cross-linked gel electrolyte will recover ionic conductivity on the same timescale as network stress relaxation, rather than solvent redistribution.

Test: Measure conductivity, stress relaxation, and spatial solvent content during recovery; compare gels with different reversible bond lifetimes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery tracks solvent movement alone or does not change with bond lifetime.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Cross-Linked Gel Electrolytes with Self-Healing Functionalities for Smart Lithium Batteries | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c15011 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Highly flexible and non-toxic natural polymer gel electrolyte for printed supercapacitors for IoT | Applied Physics A | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-019-2461-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A design strategy to significantly improve the lifetime of sustainable supercapacitors | Communications Materials — https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-026-01140-x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Strong, Compressible, and Ultrafast Self‐Recovery Organogel with In Situ Electrical Conductivity Improvement - Zhang - 2023 - Advanced Functional Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202209129 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

066. H0064 — Leaf-scale roughness could change fog capture selectivity

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: Mixed large and small surface ridges will capture a broader range of fog-droplet sizes than a single ridge scale at equal wettability and projected area.

Test: Test leaf-inspired inert replicas in a controlled fog stream; measure capture by droplet size and drainage separately.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Mixed ridges provide no size-range advantage after drainage and airflow are accounted for.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Surface morphology enhances deposition efficiency in biomimetic, wind-driven fog collection - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7276540/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Biomimicking hydrophobic leaf structure using soft lithography for fog harvesting, triboelectric nanogenerators as a self-powered rain sensor - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10839692/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Geometry for low-inertia aerosol capture: Lessons from fog-basking beetles - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10903646/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Geometry for low-inertia aerosol capture: Lessons from fog-basking beetles - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38426122 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

067. H0074 — Dust coatings could change dew-release timing

Area: H. Minerals, sediment, and atmospheric processes

Hypothesis: A thin discontinuous mineral-dust coating will delay morning evaporation of dew more than a continuous coating with equal dust mass because isolated patches pin liquid edges.

Test: Condense equal water loads on patterned and uniform dust deposits; measure evaporation and contact-line motion under matched heating.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Drying times agree after temperature and initial droplet geometry are controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Surface Mineralogy and Hydrological Controls on “Hotspots” of Dust Emission at Etosha Pan, Namibia - Wallum - 2026 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2026JF009216 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigating the role of evaporation in dew formation under different climates using 17O-excess - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169420313081 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Chemical Compositions of Dew and Scavenging of Particles in Changchun, China - Xu - 2015 - Advances in Meteorology - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2015/104048 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

068. H0078 — Porous rock geometry could control trapped gas persistence

Area: H. Minerals, sediment, and atmospheric processes

Hypothesis: Pore networks with repeated widening–narrowing sequences will retain gas longer during water imbibition than networks with identical throat sizes in randomized order.

Test: Use transparent rock replicas; image gas volume and dissolution during matched water flow and dissolved-gas conditions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Persistence depends only on throat-size distribution rather than its spatial order.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Capillary equilibrium of bubbles in porous media - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092930/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ostwald Ripening in Underground Gas Storage - Salehpour - 2026 - Geophysical Research Letters - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025GL120691 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary equilibrium of bubbles in porous media | PNAS — https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2024069118 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ostwald Ripening in Underground Gas Storage - Salehpour - 2026 - Geophysical Research Letters - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2025GL120691 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

069. H0084 — Contact sequencing could reduce frictional energy loss

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: A compliant footpad whose contact elements release sequentially will require less detachment work than simultaneous-release pads with the same maximum holding force.

Test: Measure force–displacement curves for patterned elastomer pads with matched chemistry, contact area, speed, and peak adhesion.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Reduced work disappears when peak force and actual contact area are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Squeaking at soft–rigid frictional interfaces | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10132-3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Compliant Footpads Enable Terrain‐Adaptive Hopping in a Monopedal Robot - Kledkruemas - Advanced Intelligent Systems - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aisy.70580 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Macroscopic Modeling of Fingerpad Friction Under Electroadhesion: Possibilities and Limitations — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/mechanical-engineering/articles/10.3389/fmech.2020.567386/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Device for Measuring Contact Reaction Forces during Animal Adhesion Landing/Takeoff from Leaf-like Compliant Substrates — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10968272/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

070. H0085 — Flexible walls could damp pressure spikes selectively

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: A fluid channel with spaced compliant wall segments will reduce short pressure spikes more than slow pressure changes while preserving mean flow better than a uniformly soft wall.

Test: Apply calibrated pressure waveforms; measure upstream and downstream pressure and mean flow in geometrically matched channels.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Selectivity or flow preservation is no better than the uniformly compliant control.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- J. Fluid Mech. (2025), vol. 1022, A38, doi:10.1017/jfm.2025.10771 — https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6BE4C1BD03F7452BDFB318A49BEE6B39/S0022112025107714a.pdf/oscillatory_flows_in_threedimensional_deformable_microchannels.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Analytical study of a model of fluid flow through a channel with flexible walls - Shubov - 2023 - Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mma.8946 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Flexible channel flow with a hyperelastic wall — https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8BF7E65A9685978801937162721D516F/S0022112021011319a.pdf/global-stability-analysis-of-flexible-channel-flow-with-a-hyperelastic-wall.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental investigation of compliant wall surface deformation in a turbulent channel flow. - 69th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics PostDeadline — https://meetings-archive.aps.org/dfd/2016/r32/3/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

071. H0086 — Bistable elements could retain a vibration-dose record

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: An array of bistable elements with distributed switching barriers will encode cumulative high-amplitude vibration exposure in its final state more reliably than an array with identical barriers.

Test: Apply independently generated vibration histories and test whether final states predict a predefined dose metric on held-out histories.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Different doses give indistinguishable states or state predictions depend mainly on the final pulse.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamic drives allow independent control of material bits for targeted memory - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13148337/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A system for MEA-based multisite stimulation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12665038/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

072. H0087 — Elastic asymmetry could bias passive mixing

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: Two flexible flaps of unequal stiffness in an oscillating microflow will mix tracers more effectively than equal-stiffness flaps at equal pumping energy.

Test: Image tracer concentration fields and flap motion; compare mixing indices with equal residence time and channel geometry.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Mixing gains disappear when actual hydraulic energy or residence time is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Near-field wake characterization of tandem flexible flapping fins - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42170954/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

073. H0088 — Coupled droplets could synchronize evaporation oscillations

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: Two droplets on thermally connected supports will develop correlated shape or contact-line fluctuations during evaporation more strongly than droplets on thermally isolated supports.

Test: Record both droplets simultaneously; vary thermal coupling while isolating airflow, vibration, and vapor exchange.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Correlation does not vary with thermal coupling or is explained by common environmental noise.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics of evaporating, interconnected droplets - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41200829/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of evaporating, interconnected droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2026/sm/d5sm00738k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of evaporating, interconnected droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D5SM00738K — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/sm/d5sm00738k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of evaporating, interconnected droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/sm/d5sm00738k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

074. H0089 — Modular joints could localize fatigue warnings

Area: I. Acoustics, dynamics, and passive devices

Hypothesis: A structure containing replaceable compliant joints will develop a measurable local resonance shift before global stiffness declines during cyclic loading.

Test: Track local and global vibration modes during fatigue in matched jointed and monolithic structures; independently image damage.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Local shifts do not precede global changes or are indistinguishable from temperature drift.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics of modular expansion joints: The Martinus Nijhoff Bridge - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029612004944 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of modular expansion joints: The Martinus Nijhoff Bridge - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141029612004944 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Monitoring Fatigue Damage of Modular Bridge Expansion Joints Using Piezoceramic Transducers — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6264088/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

075. H0092 — Inert reference particles could correct drying-image bias

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Embedding a sparse population of dimensionally stable reference particles in a shrinking gel will improve optical estimates of true local deformation by separating focus drift from sample motion.

Test: Compare image-derived strain with independent displacement measurements in gels with and without reference particles.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Accuracy does not improve or the particles change the gel's deformation enough to invalidate the correction.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Versatile strategy for homogeneous drying patterns of dispersed particles | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30497-z — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Versatile strategy for homogeneous drying patterns of dispersed particles - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35606364/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental Study of the Impact of Pore Structure on Drying Kinetics and Sublimation Front Patterns — https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/8/1538 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Versatile strategy for homogeneous drying patterns of dispersed particles — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30497-z.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

076. H0093 — Paired tracers could identify adsorption versus dead volume

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Comparing breakthrough curves of matched-diffusivity adsorbing and nonadsorbing tracers will separate surface retention from stagnant-pore delay more reliably than either tracer alone.

Test: Use pore networks with independently measured adsorption and known dead-end volumes; validate parameter recovery on unseen networks.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The fitted mechanisms remain nonidentifiable or parameter estimates fail independent measurements.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Measurement of Adsorption Properties at Different Scales: from Zero Length Column Experiments on Single Pellets to Breakthrough Curves<link href='#cite202300037-note-0001'> </link> - Kalaitzopoulos - 2023 - Chemie Ingenieur Technik - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cite.202300037 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Evaluating solid sorbents for CO2 capture: linking material properties and process efficiency via adsorption performance — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1167043/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental determination of sorption in fractured flow systems. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12236555/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the effect of dead volume on the shape of breakthrough curve – New method designed to correct this effect - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.114929 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

077. H0097 — Randomized pulse intervals could distinguish sensor memory

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Randomizing intervals between identical analyte pulses will separate sensor recovery kinetics from slowly drifting baseline more reliably than regular intervals over the same total duration.

Test: Compare schedules in a sensor with independently measured recovery; assess fitted kinetics on a separate pulse sequence.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery estimates are no more accurate or depend on the chosen drift model rather than independent measurements.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Judging the relative duration of multimodal short empty time intervals — https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03214309.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pulseometry: A differential readout to compensate signal drift of potentiometric probes - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13496203/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Short time gas delivery pattern improves long-term sensor reproducibility - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925400511001456 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Quantifying Population Reversibility of Sensor Performance in Multi‐Cycle Single‐Sensor Recovery Assay - Rosenberg - 2026 - Small - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smll.73339 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

078. H0098 — Dual-scale roughness standards could improve particle sizing

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: An imaging calibration target containing two known texture scales will detect focus-dependent particle-sizing bias more sensitively than a target containing only one scale.

Test: Image targets and independently sized particles over controlled focus offsets; compare corrected particle-size errors on held-out images.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The two-scale target gives no meaningful improvement after equalizing image area and contrast.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Variance Between Different Light Obscuration and Flow Imaging Microscopy Instruments and the Impact of Instrument Calibration. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844365/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Uncertainty of particle size measurements using dynamic image analysis — https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=927714 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Multi‐Thresholding Algorithm for Sizing out of Focus Particles - Ju - 2012 - Particle & Particle Systems Characterization - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ppsc.201100032 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Rapid Sand Gradation Detection Method Based on Dual-Camera Fusion — https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2404 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

079. H0099 — Sample-free bypass cycles could quantify tubing memory

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Briefly routing a measurement stream through a sample-free bypass between exposures will distinguish tubing desorption from sample release more accurately than blank flushing through the sample chamber.

Test: Use a flow system with independently characterized tubing adsorption and a model releasing sample; measure carryover in both routes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The contributions cannot be recovered independently or valve transients dominate the signal.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Breaking the Window of Detection: Using Multi‐Scale Solute Tracer Studies to Assess Mass Recovery at the Detection Limit - Ward - 2023 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022WR032736 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

080. H0100 — Orthogonal perturbations could separate fouling from sensitivity loss

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Applying a small temperature perturbation and a small flow perturbation to a chemical sensor will distinguish surface fouling from intrinsic sensitivity loss better than a concentration calibration alone.

Test: Prepare independently verified fouled, aged, and unaffected sensors; compare response signatures and blinded classification on separately prepared devices.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The signatures overlap within measurement uncertainty or fail to generalize across independent devices.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Generation of experimental data for model training to optimize fouling prediction | Heat and Mass Transfer | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00231-023-03393-5 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science | Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.57645 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Analysis and estimation of cross-flow heat exchanger fouling in phosphoric acid concentration plant using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24689-2 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

081. H0121 — Pore-length mixtures and filtration stability

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: A membrane mixing short and long parallel pores will maintain more stable flux under intermittent particle loading than a uniform-length membrane with the same initial permeability.

Test: Compare flux and blockage maps at matched pore diameters, total area, and particle dose.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Flux stability is no better at matched initial permeability.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of membrane morphology on rising properties of filtration resistance in microfiltration of dilute colloids - Iritani - 2017 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.15719 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigating fouling at the pore-scale using a microfluidic membrane mimic filtration system - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6646390/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A combination of membrane relaxation and shear stress significantly improve the flux of gravity-driven membrane system - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32182538/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thin‐Film Filtration of Difficult‐to‐Filter Suspensions Using Polymeric Membranes - Lam - 2021 - Chemical Engineering & Technology - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ceat.202000615 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

082. H0122 — Surface mobility and solute release

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: A membrane with mobile tethered chains will release reversibly adsorbed solute faster after a clean-water switch than one with immobilized chains of the same chemistry and density.

Test: Measure breakthrough and washout while characterizing chain mobility and pore geometry.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Release times are unchanged after adsorption capacity is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Electrodeposited surfaces with reversibly switching interfacial properties - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6824854/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Diffusive Dynamics of Vesicles Tethered to a Fluid Supported Bilayer by Single Particle Tracking - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2527860/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Membrane-Anchored Mobile Tethers Modulate Condensate Wetting, Localization, and Migration — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13256346/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the limits of facilitated diffusion - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738800850942 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

083. H0123 — Crossflow reversal and size selectivity

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: Brief crossflow reversals will preserve membrane size selectivity during colloid filtration better than uninterrupted crossflow at equal pumping work.

Test: Track rejection of multiple particle sizes and flux; quantify deposited layers.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Selectivity preservation disappears when pumping work and flux are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Filtration method characterizing the reversibility of colloidal fouling layers at a membrane surface: analysis through critical flux and osmotic pressure. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18279884/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cross‐flow microfiltration with high‐frequency reverse filtration - Redkar - 1995 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aic.690410308 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Kinetics of Permeate Flux Decline in Crossflow Membrane Filtration of Colloidal Suspensions - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979797952097 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- FLUX ENHANCEMENT USING FLOW REVERSAL IN ULTRAFILTRATION: Separation Science and Technology: Vol 34, No 6-7 — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01496399908951095 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

084. H0125 — Flexible pore mouths and clog release

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: A compliant pore entrance will shed soft-particle clogs at lower reverse pressure than a rigid entrance of equal open diameter.

Test: Image standardized soft beads under pressure ramps; measure pore deformation.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Release pressure is unchanged or pore damage accounts for unclogging.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Clogging of soft particles in two-dimensional hoppers. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29347308/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Conformational changes influence clogging behavior of micrometer-sized microgels in idealized multiple constrictions - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6592940/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microfluidic model systems used to emulate processes occurring during soft particle filtration - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6395687/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- J. Fluid Mech. (2024), vol. 990, A3, doi:10.1017/jfm.2024.493 — https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2F3042BD48545FEA8F073274B581030B/S0022112024004932a.pdf/lagrangian-based-simulation-method-using-constrained-stokesian-dynamics-for-particulate-flows-in-microchannel.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

085. H0126 — Adsorbent layer sequence and breakthrough width

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: Placing fast, low-capacity adsorbent upstream of slow, high-capacity adsorbent will narrow breakthrough transitions compared with the reversed sequence.

Test: Use a benign dye mixture and matched adsorbent masses; measure residence-time distributions and outlet concentrations.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Sequence has no effect beyond ordinary dead-volume differences.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The retrograde adsorption phenomenon at the onset of breakthrough and its quantitation: An experimental case study for gaseous toluene on activated carbon surface. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31539820/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Maximizing sorbent life: comparison of columns in parallel, lead-lag series, and with bypass blending. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19323293/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Adsorption dynamics in a stratified convergent tapered bed - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009250999000329 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

086. H0129 — Dual pore populations and solvent exchange tails

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: A membrane containing two well-separated pore diameters will show a longer solvent-exchange tail than a single-population membrane with equal permeability and void volume.

Test: Measure exchange using a nonadsorbing tracer and independently characterized pore distributions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Measured exchange tails are indistinguishable.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental study of the independence of diffusion and hydrodynamic permeability coefficients in collodion membranes - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14437747/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Asymmetric solute transport and solvent flux in dual-skinned hollow fiber membranes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0376738896000890 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An experimental and theoretical analysis of molecular separations by diffusion through ultrathin nanoporous membranes - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3032943/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An experimental and theoretical analysis of molecular separations by diffusion through ultrathin nanoporous membranes - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21297879/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

087. H0130 — Competitive adsorption and regeneration order

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: Removing a weakly bound solute before changing conditions to release a strongly bound solute will recover more adsorbent capacity than releasing both together.

Test: Use a reversible benign two-solute adsorption system; compare recovered mass, purity, and subsequent capacity.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Capacity recovery is unchanged at matched total regeneration input.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamic Breakthrough and Regeneration of Cyanex 272-Blended PVDF Beads for Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Separation: Experiments and Modeling | ACS Sustainable Resource Management | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/asrmcd/article/3/5/1657/5149627/Dynamic-Breakthrough-and-Regeneration-of-Cyanex — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic Breakthrough and Regeneration of Cyanex 272-Blended PVDF Beads for Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Separation: Experiments and Modeling | ACS Sustainable Resource Management | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssusresmgt.6c00072 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Adsorption of Glycols, Sugars, and Related Multiple −OH Compounds onto Activated Carbons. 2. Solvent Regeneration | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie990289x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

088. H0164 — Salt hydration and cyclic sediment motion

Area: SOILS, ROCKS, AND PLANETARY ANALOGUES

Hypothesis: A sediment containing a hydrating salt will undergo directional grain migration under repeated humidity cycles when a temperature gradient biases crystallization position.

Test: Track labeled grains in sealed model beds; reverse the gradient and compare salt-free controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Motion does not reverse with the gradient or occurs equally without salt.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A laboratory experiment on salt weathering by humidity change: salt damage induced by deliquescence and hydration | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40645-018-0241-2 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of Humidity Cycling on Salt Hydration and Dehydration: Quantitative Image Analysis and Kinetic Interpretation | Crystal Growth & Design | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c01774 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Deliquescence and salt transport in damaged rock salt under humidity cycling: Experimental and theoretical analysis - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1365160924001084 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Characterizing imbibition and void structure evolution in damaged rock salt under humidity cycling by low-field NMR - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795223003897 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

089. H0168 — Impact analogue packing and ejecta sorting

Area: SOILS, ROCKS, AND PLANETARY ANALOGUES

Hypothesis: A layered granular target with a dense surface crust will eject a narrower grain-size range than a homogeneous target at matched low impact energy.

Test: Use enclosed low-energy laboratory impacts; measure ejecta mass, size, and speed.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Ejecta size spread is unchanged after total ejected mass is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effects of target density, porosity, and friction on impact crater morphometry: Exploratory experimentation using various granular materials - Cline - 2022 - Meteoritics & Planetary Science - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.13886 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Boulder stranding in ejecta launched by an impact generated seismic pulse - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103518307802 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effects of asteroid layering on ejecta mass-velocity distribution and implications for impact momentum transfer - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003206331930056X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

090. H0170 — Abrasion history and sediment charging

Area: SOILS, ROCKS, AND PLANETARY ANALOGUES

Hypothesis: Repeated gentle abrasion will change the sign or magnitude distribution of grain charging before measurable changes in grain size occur.

Test: Measure individual-grain charge, surface chemistry, humidity, and size through controlled tumbling.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Charge changes track humidity drift or only appear after size changes.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Survival of the Strong and Dense: Field Evidence for Rapid, Transport‐Dependent Bed Material Abrasion of Heterogeneous Source Lithology - Pfeiffer - 2022 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JF006455 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport: Experimental results and implications for the evolution of the sediment load along rivers - Attal - 2009 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JF001328 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport: Experimental results and implications for the evolution of the sediment load along rivers - Attal - 2009 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009jf001328 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Aeolian abrasion and modes of fine particle production from natural red dune sands: an experimental study - Bullard - 2004 - Sedimentology - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00662.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

091. H0172 — Yield-stress fluid and obstacle spacing

Area: FLUID DYNAMICS AND SOFT MATTER

Hypothesis: A pair of obstacles at intermediate separation will create a larger persistent unyielded region than either very close or widely separated obstacles.

Test: Map velocity and stress proxies in a transparent model yield-stress fluid at fixed flow rate.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Unyielded volume lacks a reproducible intermediate maximum.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Saffman–Taylor Instability in Yield Stress Fluids: Theory–Experiment Comparison | MDPI — https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5521/4/1/53 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Detachment forces during parallel-plate gap separation mediated by a simple yield-stress fluid. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38261239/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Laminar shallow viscoplastic fluid flowing through an array of vertical obstacles - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377025717305438 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Yielding to percolation: a universal scale | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/yielding-to-percolation-a-universal-scale/E7B6F3711BDFCC8B8AE49EDB88287136 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

092. H0173 — Flexible fibers and suspension reversibility

Area: FLUID DYNAMICS AND SOFT MATTER

Hypothesis: A dilute suspension of flexible fibers will fail to return to its initial arrangement after a reversed shear cycle at lower strain amplitude than rigid fibers.

Test: Track particles in low-inertia flow; match shape, concentration, and Brownian effects.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Flexible and rigid suspensions have identical reversal error within uncertainty.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Chaos and irreversibility of a flexible filament in periodically driven Stokes flow - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36109885/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Taylor's experiment in a periodically sheared particulate suspension | Phys. Rev. Fluids — https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.042001 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Chaos and irreversibility of a flexible filament in periodically driven Stokes flow | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.106.025103 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Chaos and threshold for irreversibility in sheared suspensions | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04380 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

093. H0184 — Photothermal spot spacing and bending

Area: OPTOMECHANICS, SOUND, AND FUNCTIONAL SURFACES

Hypothesis: Two separated light-heating spots will produce a larger reversible bend per absorbed energy in a patterned bilayer than one merged spot over a finite separation range.

Test: Measure curvature and thermal maps at equal absorbed energy; compare uniform bilayers.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: No separation-dependent gain remains after heat losses are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Reconfigurable photoactuator through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal effects - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6175871/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Photothermoelastic probing for a clamped plate sample. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20523603/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Light‐Fueled Nonreciprocal Self‐Oscillators for Fluidic Transportation and Coupling - Deng - 2024 - Advanced Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202209683 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Light‐Fueled Nonreciprocal Self‐Oscillators for Fluidic Transportation and Coupling - Deng - 2024 - Advanced Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.202209683 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

094. H0188 — Vibration direction and liquid shedding

Area: OPTOMECHANICS, SOUND, AND FUNCTIONAL SURFACES

Hypothesis: Tangential vibration will remove droplets using less mechanical energy than normal vibration on a surface with directional grooves, within a finite droplet-size range.

Test: Measure detachment, actual work, and groove orientation at matched droplet volumes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Energy advantage vanishes after actuator coupling and heating are measured.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Numerical investigation of vibration-induced droplet shedding on smooth surfaces with large contact angles | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.100.023105 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Numerical investigation of vibration-induced droplet shedding on smooth surfaces with large contact angles. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31574641/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic properties of vibrated drops on a superhydrophobic patterned surface - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135943111300728X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Studies on detachment behavior of micron sized droplets: A comparison between pure fluid and nanofluid — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02786826.2017.1383598 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

095. H0193 — Spatially shuffled sampling and reaction-front bias

Area: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PHYSICAL INFERENCE

Hypothesis: Shuffling the order of spatial measurements will reduce reconstruction bias for a moving chemical front compared with sequential scanning at equal scan duration.

Test: Compare reconstructed fronts with simultaneous wide-field reference images.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Shuffling provides no reduction in position or speed error.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Messing up to clean up: Semi‐randomized frequency selective space‐filling curves to suppress physiological signal fluctuations in MRI - Seginer - 2023 - Magnetic Resonance in Medicine - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mrm.29790 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Randomized Acquisition for the Suppression of Systematic F1 Artifacts in Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090780799918827 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Front tracking for quantifying advection-reaction-diffusion - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28456164/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Towards real‐time STEM simulations through targeted subsampling strategies - Robinson - 2023 - Journal of Microscopy - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jmi.13177 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

096. H0199 — Blank substrate mosaics and deposition inference

Area: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND PHYSICAL INFERENCE

Hypothesis: Interleaving chemically inert witness patches among reactive patches will estimate spatial deposition bias more accurately than placing all blanks at the sample edge.

Test: Apply a controlled deposition field; compare inferred reactive uptake with independent mass measurements.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Distributed blanks fail to reduce uptake-estimation error or alter the deposition field appreciably.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- In situ studies of particle deposition on non-transparent substrates - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775704000354 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spotting effect in microarray experiments | BMC Bioinformatics | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2105-5-63 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spatial Bias in Antibody Microarrays May Be an Underappreciated Source of Variability | ACS Sensors | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssensors.0c02613 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Methodologies and Materials — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355030616300272 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

097. H0204 — Contact humidity and rolling resistance

Area: TRIBOLOGY AND CONTACT MECHANICS

Hypothesis: A hydrophilic microsphere will exhibit a delayed rise in rolling resistance after a humidity increase because capillary bridges require finite formation time.

Test: Measure rolling resistance and contact-area evolution after controlled humidity steps; use hydrophobic controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Resistance changes immediately or independently of capillary-bridge formation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Nanogeometry matters: unexpected decrease of capillary adhesion forces with increasing relative humidity. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21072869/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary-induced adhesive contact dynamics determines dissipation and flow structure in wetted hydrogel packings. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40524644/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental humidity dependency of small particle adhesion on silica and titania. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17010359/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Particle-surface capillary forces with disjoining pressure. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16721437/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

098. H0221 — Electret pore connectivity

Area: CHARGE, DIELECTRIC, AND ELECTROMECHANICAL PHENOMENA

Hypothesis: Disconnected pores will retain deposited charge longer than connected pores in otherwise matched insulating foams under humid conditions.

Test: Measure charge decay, water uptake, and pore connectivity at matched initial potential.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Retention is unchanged after water uptake and surface leakage are controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Preparation and Performance Analysis of Porous Electret Membrane with Self-charge-recovery - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3129/1/012038 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Material Properties Influencing the Charge Decay of Electret Filters and their Impact on Filtration Performance - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7183080/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electret Filters—From the Influence of Discharging Methods to Optimization Potential — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/1/65 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Material Properties Influencing the Charge Decay of Electret Filters and their Impact on Filtration Performance — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/721 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

099. H0226 — Ionic actuator recovery and electrode porosity

Area: CHARGE, DIELECTRIC, AND ELECTROMECHANICAL PHENOMENA

Hypothesis: An intermediate electrode porosity will minimize recovery time of an ionic actuator by balancing ion access against distributed electrical resistance.

Test: Measure bending recovery, impedance, and ion uptake across matched actuators.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery time has no intermediate minimum after thickness is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Contactless actuation of perfluorinated ionomer membranes in salt solution: an experimental investigation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6700092/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhancement of actuation ability of ionic-type conducting polymer actuators using metal ion implantation - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925400511002243 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of Electrode Morphology on Performance of Ionic Actuators Based on Vat Photopolymerized Membranes - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9696670/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Principles for Optimal Electrode Design and Operation for Desalination with Electrochemical Ion Pumping - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41728966/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

100. H0249 — Moss capillary connectivity and wind drying

Area: NONHUMAN BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Hypothesis: Breaking lateral capillary connections among moss shoots will accelerate drying more strongly under wind than in still air at equal initial water content.

Test: Compare intact and geometrically matched separated shoot arrays; measure water profiles and airflow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The connectivity effect does not interact with airflow.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- External water transport is more important than vascular transport in the extreme atmospheric epiphyte <fc><fi>Tillandsia usneoides</fi></fc> (Spanish moss) - Herppich - 2019 - Plant, Cell & Environment - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.13496 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Differential wind tolerance of soil crust mosses explains their micro-distribution in nature - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071711003543 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The dynamics of external water conduction in the dryland moss Syntrichia — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10244898/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The desert moss Pterygoneurum lamellatum (Pottiaceae) exhibits an inducible ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance: effects of rate of drying on shoot damage and regeneration. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876454/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

101. H0250 — Diatom chain flexibility and turbulent breakup

Area: NONHUMAN BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Hypothesis: More flexible chains of a nonpathogenic model diatom will survive a greater range of mild turbulent strains than rigid chains of equal length.

Test: Measure chain mechanics, breakup, and local strain in a controlled laboratory flow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Survival is unrelated to flexibility after chain length and joint strength are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Quantifying diatom aspirations: Mechanical properties of chain‐forming species - Young - 2012 - Limnology and Oceanography - Wiley Online Library — https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.2012.57.6.1789 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hydrodynamics of diatom chains and semiflexible fibres - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4032546/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hydrodynamics of diatom chains and semiflexible fibres. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24789565/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nutrient transport and acquisition by diatom chains in a moving fluid | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/nutrient-transport-and-acquisition-by-diatom-chains-in-a-moving-fluid/8D9E1627D066A94EF66620F34DB86EA3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

102. H0262 — Carbonate coatings and clay swelling

Area: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL INTERFACES

Hypothesis: A discontinuous carbonate coating will restrain clay swelling less effectively than a continuous coating with equal carbonate mass.

Test: Map coating continuity and measure swelling and permeability during hydration.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Swelling follows coating mass alone rather than continuity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Impact of coating development on the hydraulic and transport properties in argillaceous limestone fracture - Noiriel - 2007 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006WR005379 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A phase inversion polymer coating to prevent swelling and spalling of clay fines in coal seam gas wells | International Journal of Coal Science & Technology | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40789-018-0199-0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Impervious synthetic layered silicates coating to restrict the swelling of clay‐rich shales - Patel - 2022 - The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjce.24248 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Laboratory Study on Improvement of Expansive Soil by Chemically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207074/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

103. H0265 — Silica gel aging and trace-ion trapping

Area: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL INTERFACES

Hypothesis: Slower silica-gel formation will trap a smaller fraction of a benign trace ion irreversibly than rapid formation at equal final gel density.

Test: Measure ion exchange, pore structure, and total retained ions after standardized washing.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Irreversible retention is independent of formation rate after pore accessibility is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fluid composition effects on silica gel aging - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022309394900973 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore structure evolution in silica gel during aging/drying I. Temporal and thermal aging - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022309305800250 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nanoporous silica gel structures and evolution from reactive force field-based molecular dynamics simulations | npj Materials Degradation — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-018-0039-0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fluid composition effects on silica gel aging - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022309394900973 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

104. H0267 — Salinity fronts and colloid release

Area: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL INTERFACES

Hypothesis: A gradual decrease in salinity will release fewer clay colloids from a sand column than an abrupt decrease at equal final salinity and total water volume.

Test: Measure particle output, pressure, and local salinity histories.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Total colloid release is unchanged after residence time is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Colloid transport in porous media: impact of hyper-saline solutions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21550095/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Colloid transport with wetting fronts: interactive effects of solution surface tension and ionic strength. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20056511/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the critical salt concentrations for particle detachment in homogeneous sand and heterogeneous Hanford sediments - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016706104001077 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Colloid transport in porous media: Impact of hyper-saline solutions - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135411002107 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

105. H0271 — Granular intruder shape and force chains

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A rounded triangular intruder will generate more intermittent drag than a circular intruder of equal projected width in a slow granular flow.

Test: Measure drag fluctuations and image force chains using model grains; match depth and speed.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Intermittency is unchanged after mean drag and boundary effects are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Collision-based understanding of the force law in granular impact dynamics | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.012901 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Collision-based understanding of the force law in granular impact dynamics. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30110861/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Drag on a circular intruder traversing a shape-heterogeneous granular mixture. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35974565/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Imperfect bodies sink imperfectly when settling in granular matter - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181167/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

106. H0272 — Bubble size sequence and channel pressure

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A repeating small-large bubble sequence will show lower pressure fluctuation variance than a random sequence with the same bubble-size distribution in a narrow channel.

Test: Measure bubble shapes, spacing, and pressure at matched gas fraction and mean flow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Variance is not reduced after spacing and mean pressure drop are controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Repetitive bubble injection promoting frictional drag reduction in high-speed horizontal turbulent channel flows - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0029801821012567 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles in a Microfluidic Channel with Actuations - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8879870/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The unpredictable nature of bubble evolution - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9715726/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble/micro-bubble regime transition in a pressurized bubble column of a low surface tension liquid system - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009250921007569 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

107. H0273 — Capillary bridge rupture and grain rotation

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: Allowing grain rotation during separation will increase variability in capillary-bridge rupture distance compared with rotationally fixed grains of the same roughness.

Test: Measure bridge shape, force, and rupture while controlling liquid volume and separation speed.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Rupture variability is unchanged or explained by liquid-volume variation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Frontiers | Life Expectancy of Evaporating Capillary Bridges Predicted by Tertiary Creep Modeling — https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2022.838501 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental and numerical study on the rupture behavior of stretching capillary bridge between two spheres - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250926006627 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary forces between two spheres with a fixed volume liquid bridge: theory and experiment - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16285763/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary Water in 2‐D Drying‐Cracking Soil Sub‐Grain Models: Morphology and Kinematics of Evaporation and Haines Jumps - Mielniczuk - 2022 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022WR031938 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

108. H0274 — Shear band migration and grain stiffness

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A smooth stiffness gradient across a granular bed will cause a shear band to migrate toward softer grains under repeated loading at uniform grain size.

Test: Image strain and force networks in model beds; reverse the gradient and match friction.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Migration does not reverse or follows friction differences instead of stiffness.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Gravity‐Independent Grain Size Segregation in Experimental Granular Shear Flows as a Mechanism of Layer Formation - Siman‐Tov - 2018 - Geophysical Research Letters - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL078486 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Gravity‐Independent Grain Size Segregation in Experimental Granular Shear Flows as a Mechanism of Layer Formation - Siman‐Tov - 2018 - Geophysical Research Letters - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL078486 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Shear-driven segregation of dry granular materials with different friction coefficients - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/sm/c6sm01946c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Shear-driven segregation of dry granular materials with different friction coefficients. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27934998/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

109. H0275 — Droplet trains and evaporation shielding

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: Unequal spacing in a droplet train will create greater lifetime variability than equal spacing with the same mean separation because vapor shielding is locally nonlinear.

Test: Track identical droplets under controlled airflow and temperature; measure vapor fields where feasible.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Lifetime variance is explained entirely by initial droplet-size variation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Evaporation Dynamics of Completely Pinned and Partially Pinned Sessile Droplets in Multidroplet Configurations - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41194681/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporation Dynamics of Completely Pinned and Partially Pinned Sessile Droplets in Multidroplet Configurations | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/action/showCitFormats?direct=true&doi=10.1021%2Facs.langmuir.5c04303&downloadFileName=acs.langmuir.5c04303&format=ris&href=%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.langmuir.5c04303&include=cit — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporation Dynamics of Completely Pinned and Partially Pinned Sessile Droplets in Multidroplet Configurations | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c04303 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporation Dynamics of Completely Pinned and Partially Pinned Sessile Droplets in Multidroplet Configurations | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c04303 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

110. H0277 — Soft particles and jammed outlet release

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A small fraction of softer particles will shorten clog lifetimes at a granular outlet without substantially changing the clog-formation rate.

Test: Track outlet flow and particle deformation across softness fractions at matched size and friction.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Lifetime and formation rate change together or neither depends on softness.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Clogging of soft particles in two-dimensional hoppers. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29347308/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Clogging of soft particles in two-dimensional hoppers | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.062605 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Silo discharge of mixtures of soft and rigid grains - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D0SM01887B — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/sm/d0sm01887b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- This is the accepted manuscript made available via CHORUS. The article has been — https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.062605 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

111. H0278 — Viscoelastic jet breakup and nozzle history

Area: GRANULAR, LIQUID, AND MULTIPHASE DYNAMICS

Hypothesis: A viscoelastic liquid exiting a nozzle after a long rest will have a different initial breakup length than during steady operation because polymer stretching has not reached its stationary state.

Test: Measure startup flow, pressure, and jet shape while controlling temperature and throughput.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Breakup differences are fully explained by transient flow rate.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Breakup of a laminar capillary jet of a viscoelastic fluid | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/breakup-of-a-laminar-capillary-jet-of-a-viscoelastic-fluid/9C8BF3067E37236E66E1B926844AA0E6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Viscoelastic jet stability - Kroesser - 1969 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aic.690150316 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self-destabilizing mechanism of a laminar inviscid liquid jet issuing from a circular nozzle | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.046307 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self-destabilizing mechanism of a laminar inviscid liquid jet issuing from a circular nozzle. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21599295/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

112. H0281 — Solar still condenser segmentation

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: Separating a condenser into thermally isolated drainage strips will improve collected water per absorbed solar energy relative to one continuous sheet in a limited airflow range.

Test: Use controlled illumination; measure temperatures, condensate return, energy input, and water collection.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Collection gains disappear after actual condenser temperature and energy are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental investigation of solar still with separate condenser coupled - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321078688 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced productivity in stepped solar stills: An experimental comparative study of brine flow rates, absorber-glass distances, and cooling mechanisms - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101251 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental investigation of stepped solar still with phase change material and external condenser - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X21004205 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ultrahigh-efficiency desalination via a thermally-localized multistage solar still - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C9EE04122B — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/ee/c9ee04122b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

113. H0282 — Wick mineral loading and fouling location

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: A wick with sacrificial high-surface-area patches near its edge will concentrate mineral deposits away from its main supply path and delay flow loss.

Test: Evaporate a benign salt solution through matched wicks; map salt and hydraulic conductance.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Deposits do not localize or hydraulic lifetime is unchanged.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Brine spill remediation utilizing capillary transport and wicking materials in loam and silty clay soils - Green - 2022 - Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment - Wiley Online Library — https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/agg2.20237 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of Fouling on Random Packing Using Microfocus X‑ray Computed Tomography | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | ACS Publications — https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03093 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Wicking Salts from Brine‐Contaminated Soils: A Potential Method for In Situ Remediation - Green - 2019 - Agricultural & Environmental Letters - Wiley Online Library — https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2134/ael2018.12.0069 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Synthesizing nuclear power plant fouling with fractal characteristics enables an in-depth study of concerned nuclear safety issues - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10825680/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

114. H0283 — Passive valve flap thickness gradient

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: A flap thickening toward its hinge will offer a larger forward-to-reverse flow ratio than a uniform flap of equal mass and opening pressure.

Test: Measure flow curves, fatigue, and deformation in matched low-pressure liquid valves.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Rectification is no better after opening pressure and leakage are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effect of flap parameters on fluid rectification in a microfluidic diode - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2967243/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Numerical and Experimental Study on the Opening Angle of the Double-Stage Flap Valves in Pumping Stations — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2022.866044/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microflow fields in the hinge region of the CarboMedics bileaflet mechanical heart valve design - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12202873/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Numerical calculation of forward and reverse flow in Tesla valves with different longitudinal width-to-narrow ratios - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10393946/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

115. H0284 — Desiccant channel width grading

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: Channels widening downstream through a desiccant bed will reduce the growth of pressure drop during water uptake relative to constant-width channels with equal dry resistance.

Test: Measure water uptake, swelling, and pressure drop under controlled humid airflow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Pressure-drop growth is unchanged at matched absorbed water mass.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Pressure drop and saturation of nonwettable coalescing filters at different loading rates - Chang - 2018 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.15863 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Comparative performance of desiccant wheel with effective and ordinary regeneration sector using mathematical model | Heat and Mass Transfer | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00231-014-1349-6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Numerical simulation of widening and bed deformation of straight sand-bed rivers. II: Model evaluation — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70018503 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Downstream changes in the channel geometry of a large gravel bed river - Pitlick - 2002 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001WR000898 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

116. H0287 — Heat exchanger flow partitioning

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: A passive manifold with gradually varying branch resistance will distribute flow more evenly as viscosity changes than identical branches fed from a simple header.

Test: Measure branch flows across benign liquids and temperatures at matched pumping power.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Flow uniformity is no more stable across viscosity changes.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Flow distribution property of the constructal distributor and heat transfer intensification in a mini heat exchanger - Fan - 2008 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.11597 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Two-phase flow distribution in compact heat exchanger manifolds - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0894177703000414 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Two-Phase Flow Distribution to Tubes of Parallel Flow Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Heat Transfer Engineering: Vol 26, No 4 — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01457630590916239 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

117. H0288 — Dew collector drainage interruptions

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: Short nonwetting interruptions along a wetting drainage track will prevent backward spreading and improve net dew collection within a finite interruption-length range.

Test: Compare collection and droplet motion at matched cooling power and surface coverage.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: No improvement remains after temperature and total wetting area are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Long Term Durability of a Lubricant-Infused Surface for Dew Harvesting - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37409762/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Geometry and surface manipulation impact on passive dew and rain collection - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192324002934 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Automatic wiping effect on passive dew collection - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192325005106 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

118. H0289 — Gravity separator compliant baffles

Area: PASSIVE DEVICES AND SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES

Hypothesis: Flexible baffles will reduce particle resuspension during flow surges better than rigid baffles of the same resting shape in a settling chamber.

Test: Measure effluent particle concentration and baffle motion at matched residence time and surge energy.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Resuspension is no lower after hydraulic differences are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Separation of Flexible Rod-like Particle Mixtures by Intersecting Air Flow - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12986053/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Segregation phenomena in gravity separators: A combined numerical and experimental study - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591016303953 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Particle resuspension from a flow-induced fluttering flexible substrate - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591022010440 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The impact of flow surges on rapid gravity filtration. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19095278/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

119. H0295 — Pressure tap spacing and clog localization

Area: EXPERIMENTAL INFERENCE AND INSTRUMENT DESIGN

Hypothesis: Nonuniformly spaced pressure taps will localize a single developing channel obstruction more accurately than uniformly spaced taps of equal number for a known flow geometry.

Test: Introduce blinded blockages at many positions; measure localization error with calibrated noise.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Nonuniform spacing provides no advantage on held-out blockage positions.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of errors in pressure tap locations on the discharge coefficient of a flange-tapped orifice plate - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/095559869090003P — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The influence of non-uniform blockages on transient wave behavior and blockage detection in pressurized water pipelines - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570644316300028 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

120. H0300 — Cross-method null tests for microdeformation

Area: EXPERIMENTAL INFERENCE AND INSTRUMENT DESIGN

Hypothesis: Combining optical displacement and capacitance sensing will reject environmental false deformation signals more reliably than doubling either sensor's measurement duration.

Test: Apply calibrated tiny displacements and independent humidity, temperature, and optical disturbances; compare equal-time false-alarm rates.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The combined method shows no lower false-alarm rate at matched displacement sensitivity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- MIMO-SAR Interferometric Measurements for Structural Monitoring: Accuracy and Limitations — https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4290 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Uncertainty analysis of displacements measured by phase-shifting Moiré interferometry - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030401804003657 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electrostatic force method to determine flexure stiffness with an integrated fiber-optic displacement interferometer - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ae2afd?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Three-dimensional optical coherence digital-null deformography of multi-refractive-surface optics with nanometer sensitivity. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36366668/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

121. H0306 — Melt filtering delay

Area: Polymer processing

Hypothesis: Longer residence after melt filtration will increase newly formed gel inclusions in a thermally sensitive model polymer.

Test: Count inclusions and measure molecular-mass distributions over residence times.

Controls: Composition, temperature, specimen dimensions, and processing history

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Influence of material contamination on polypropylene melt filtration using assembled and fused screens - Koller - 2022 - SPE Polymers - Wiley Online Library — https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pls2.10061 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of material contamination on polypropylene melt filtration using assembled and fused screens - Koller - 2022 - SPE Polymers - Wiley Online Library — https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pls2.10061 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Carbon‐Bonded Alumina Spaghetti Filters by Alginate‐Based Robo Gel Casting - Wetzig - 2020 - Advanced Engineering Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201900657 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Felsic Melt and Gas Mobilization During Magma Solidification: An Experimental Study at 1.1 kbar — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00175/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

122. H0315 — Interrupted grain growth

Area: Ceramics and sintering

Hypothesis: Brief lower-temperature holds between hot stages will narrow ceramic grain-size distributions.

Test: Compare microscopy after schedules with matched final density.

Controls: Powder chemistry, initial density, heating schedule, and atmosphere

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A general mechanism of grain growth-Ⅱ: Experimental - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847821000290 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- In Situ Investigation of Grain Evolution of 300M Steel in Isothermal Holding Process - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30274356/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Zone-specific temperature distribution, densification trajectory and grain-growth kinetics of microw — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21870764.2022.2049997 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

123. H0326 — Rolling texture and hydrogen-free cracking

Area: Metal microstructures

Hypothesis: Strong rolling texture will change crack-path tortuosity in inert-environment fatigue independent of grain size.

Test: Measure fatigue paths in texture-controlled sheet samples.

Controls: Alloy composition, grain size, loading, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hydrogen-assisted microcrack formation in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105485 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Assessment of the impact of hydrogen on the stress developed ahead of a fatigue crack - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645419303106 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Some fractographic contributions to understanding fatigue crack growth - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142112317302876 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Assessment of the impact of hydrogen on the stress developed ahead of a fatigue crack - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359645419303106 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

124. H0327 — Metal foam joint rounding

Area: Metal microstructures

Hypothesis: Rounded strut junctions will reduce fatigue-life variability in metal foams.

Test: Cycle geometrically matched foams and image junction damage.

Controls: Alloy composition, grain size, loading, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental investigation of the fatigue of closed-cell aluminum alloy foam - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X15302329 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mesostructural Model for the Fatigue Analysis of Open-Cell Metal Foams — https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/18/8527 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of Pore Size on Fatigue Deformation Mechanism of Open-Cell Copper Foam at Low Stress Amplitude - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6164098/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fatigue damage of closed-cell aluminum alloy foam: Modeling and mechanisms - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142112316000542 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

125. H0331 — Adhesive edge porosity

Area: Adhesion and joining

Hypothesis: A narrow porous edge zone will reduce peel-front force oscillations relative to a uniformly dense adhesive.

Test: Measure peel force and front shape on patterned bonds.

Controls: Adhesive chemistry, contact area, curing conditions, and loading speed

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bending to Kinetic Energy Transfer in Adhesive Peel Front Microinstability | Phys. Rev. Lett. — https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.068005 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Unsteady peeling accompanied by oscillations of adhesive tape from a soft adherend. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453608/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Unsteady peeling accompanied by oscillations of adhesive tape from a soft adherend - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c9sm01198f — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Adhesion of heterogeneous thin films II: Adhesive heterogeneity - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509615001593 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

126. H0332 — Cure illumination direction

Area: Adhesion and joining

Hypothesis: Opposed illumination will reduce through-thickness cure gradients more than one-sided illumination at equal absorbed light.

Test: Map conversion and modulus through transparent model adhesives.

Controls: Adhesive chemistry, contact area, curing conditions, and loading speed

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Direction of shrinkage of light-curing resin composites - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10777133/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Curing-light attenuation in filled-resin restorative materials - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564105002927 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of Tooth-structure Thickness on Light Attenuation and Depth of Cure - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26509234/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An analytical model of through-thickness photopolymerisation of composites: Ultraviolet light transmission and curing kinetics - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359836819327659 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

127. H0336 — Reversible adhesive cooling rate

Area: Adhesion and joining

Hypothesis: Slow cooling will increase repeatability of reversible adhesive release temperatures.

Test: Measure release curves over repeated thermal cycles.

Controls: Adhesive chemistry, contact area, curing conditions, and loading speed

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Robust and reversible adhesion under extreme thermal conditions: Device — https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.device.2023.100180 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Stimuli-responsive temporary adhesives: enabling debonding on demand through strategic molecular design - Chemical Science (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D1SC03426J — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/sc/d1sc03426j — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Strong, Reversible, Heat‐Activated Adhesion from Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks - Gou - 2024 - Advanced Materials Interfaces - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admi.202400488 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A thermal actuated switchable dry adhesive with high reversibility for transfer printing - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990%2Fabff69 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

128. H0339 — Adhesive filler boundary segregation

Area: Adhesion and joining

Hypothesis: Filler concentrated near bondline midplanes will reduce edge moisture sensitivity relative to uniform filler.

Test: Measure aging strength and spatial moisture uptake.

Controls: Adhesive chemistry, contact area, curing conditions, and loading speed

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A comprehensive experimental study on bi-adhesive single lap joints using DIC technique - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143749620301378 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Moisture Attack on Adhesive Joints: Roles of Adhesive and Interface Properties | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/moisture-attack-adhesive-joints-roles-adhesive-and-interface-properties — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Little Things Mean a Lot: Water and the Adhesive Bond | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/little-things-mean-lot-water-and-adhesive-bond — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of Water Immersion on the Adhesion between Adhesive Layer and Concrete Block - Shi - 2019 - Advances in Civil Engineering - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2019/7069757 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

129. H0343 — Embedded droplet reservoirs

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: Dispersed benign liquid reservoirs will delay gel stiffening during drying.

Test: Measure local water content and modulus against reservoir-free gels.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics of emulsion drop impact, spreading and evaporation: the effect of internal phase gelation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42011707/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Scaling mechanical instabilities in drying micellar droplets - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35608257/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Scaling mechanical instabilities in drying micellar droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/sm/d2sm00304j/unauth — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Manipulation of final morphologies in nano particle laden droplets placed on soft PDMS substrates - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468023026014719 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

130. H0344 — Photogel pattern overlap

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: Overlapping exposure boundaries will produce smoother strain fields than sharply separated exposure zones.

Test: Map conversion and swelling deformation in photogels.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Complex dynamic substrate control: Dual-tone hydrogel photoresists allow double-dissociation of topography and modulus — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4198300/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rapid Whole-Plate Cell and Tissue Micropatterning Using a Budget 3D Resin Printer - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11525498/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Photo-tunable hydrogel mechanical heterogeneity informed by predictive transport kinetics model — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7489306/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- LigHTS: Biomimetic Hydrogel Photo‐Fabrication for Imaging‐Based Ultra‐High‐Throughput Screening — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13658890/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

131. H0345 — Gel salt-front steering

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: A fixed-charge gradient will steer an advancing salt-induced contraction front.

Test: Image contraction while independently mapping ion concentration.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Boundaries steer the contraction of active gels — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067607/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The role of pore fluid overpressure in the substrates of advancing salt sheets, ice glaciers, and critical‐state wedges - Luo - 2015 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014JB011326 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Boundaries steer the contraction of active gels | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13120 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Salt-finger convection generated by lateral heating of a solute gradient | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/saltfinger-convection-generated-by-lateral-heating-of-a-solute-gradient/B67F2BB522D4C3FA85D5C2EC3EB9591F — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

132. H0348 — Gel cavity pressure memory

Area: Hydrogels and responsive solids

Hypothesis: Closed cavities will prolong gel volume recovery after compression compared with vented cavities.

Test: Track pressure proxies and shape recovery in transparent gels.

Controls: Water content, chemistry, sample dimensions, and stimulus intensity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Water cavitation of hydrogels - Zimberlin - 2010 - Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.21968 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bioprinted Injectable Hierarchically Porous Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Constructs with Shape-Memory Properties - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7941201/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanical behaviour of alginate film with embedded voids under compression-decompression cycles | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49589-w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

133. H0355 — Conductive fiber crossings

Area: Composites and architected materials

Hypothesis: Bonding only selected fiber crossings will preserve conductivity under bending better than bonding every crossing.

Test: Track resistance and crossing damage during cycling.

Controls: Constituent fractions, mass, dimensions, and fabrication tolerances

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Thermally Drawn Highly Conductive Fibers with Controlled Elasticity - Marion - 2022 - Advanced Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202201081 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Arbitrary 3D Organic Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conductor Architectures via Self‐Fusion of PEDOT:PSS Microfibers - Kim - 2026 - Advanced Science - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202516951 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

134. H0359 — Foam skin permeability

Area: Composites and architected materials

Hypothesis: A permeable outer skin will reduce compression-rate sensitivity by allowing trapped gas escape.

Test: Measure stress across loading rates and skin permeabilities.

Controls: Constituent fractions, mass, dimensions, and fabrication tolerances

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of gas type on foam film permeability and its implications for foam flow in porous media - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496785/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of Gas Permeability and Solubility on Foam - Farajzadeh - 2014 - Journal of Soft Matter - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2014/145352 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Carbon dioxide foam bubbles enhance skin penetration through the stratum corneum layer with mechanical mechanism. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37738871/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of gas type on foam film permeability and its implications for foam flow in porous media - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001868611000534 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

135. H0361 — Contact-line corner angle

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: Rounded chemical-pattern corners will reduce droplet pinning variability compared with sharp corners.

Test: Measure advancing and receding contact angles across identical patterns.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics and universal scaling law in geometrically-controlled sessile drop evaporation | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14783 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Contact line pinning of a perfectly wetting and volatile liquid at a sharp edge - 64th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics PostDeadline — https://meetings-archive.aps.org/dfd/2011/m4/10/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Inkjet printing of precisely defined features using contact-angle hysteresis. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23570870/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Inkjet printing of precisely defined features using contact-angle hysteresis - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979713002312 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

136. H0364 — Droplet shell permeability

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: A permeable elastic droplet shell will suppress rebound more strongly after long contact than short contact.

Test: Measure rebound and volume exchange over impact speeds.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- An Experimental Study on Complete Droplet Rebound from Soft Surfaces: Critical Weber Numbers, Maximum Spreading, and Contact Time. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232322/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ultrafast bounce of particle-laden droplets. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39550357/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ultrafast bounce of particle-laden droplets | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54288-w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An Experimental Study on Complete Droplet Rebound from Soft Surfaces: Critical Weber Numbers, Maximum Spreading, and Contact Time | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/langd5/article/40/4/2165/163502/An-Experimental-Study-on-Complete-Droplet-Rebound — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

137. H0366 — Dew droplet edge roughness

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: A roughness gradient confined to track edges will guide dew without increasing overall retention as much as uniform roughening.

Test: Track droplet paths and collected mass.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Roughness-enhanced collection of condensed droplets. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31773412/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced Coffee‐Ring Effect via Substrate Roughness in Evaporation of Colloidal Droplets - Zhang - 2018 - Advances in Condensed Matter Physics - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2018/9795654 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- APS -67th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics - Event - Edge effects on water droplet condensation — https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DFD14/Session/M13.6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

138. H0369 — Contact-line elastic ridge

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: Faster-relaxing soft substrates will show less stick-slip during slow droplet withdrawal.

Test: Measure ridge dynamics and contact-line motion.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Droplets move over viscoelastic substrates by surfing a ridge - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26238436/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Droplets sliding on soft solids shed elastocapillary rails - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/sm/d4sm01041h — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Droplets move over viscoelastic substrates by surfing a ridge | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8891 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- How Droplets Dry on Stretched Soft Substrates - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39871430 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

139. H0372 — Branch compliance matching

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Matching branch compliance rather than resistance alone will improve pulse splitting uniformity.

Test: Measure transient branch flows in transparent networks.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental Validation of a Rapid Pre-Sorting Methodology for Small-Capacity Lithium-Ion Cells — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/19/14/3266 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

140. H0374 — Dead-end cavity inclination

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Inclined dead-end cavities will exchange solute faster than perpendicular cavities under oscillatory flow.

Test: Image tracer clearance across cavity angles.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Solute transport along preferential flow paths in unsaturated fractures | U.S. Geological Survey — https://www.usgs.gov/publications/solute-transport-along-preferential-flow-paths-unsaturated-fractures — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Genesis and shape of natural solution cavities within salt deposits - Gechter - 2008 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007WR006753 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of Electrolytic Gradient Orientation on Phoretic Transport in Dead-End Pores. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40626941/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Buoyancy-driven exchange flows in inclined ducts | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/buoyancydriven-exchange-flows-in-inclined-ducts/B0A8067C014B8BDFBAC955334538E3B9 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

141. H0376 — Capillary network junction order

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Reordering identical junctions will change passive filling sequence beyond total path resistance.

Test: Track filling in geometrically permuted networks.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A perpetual switching system in pulmonary capillaries - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6397411/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Verifying Pore Network Models of Imbibition in Rocks Using Time‐Resolved Synchrotron Imaging - Bultreys - 2020 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019WR026587 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Elastohydrodynamic interactions in soft hydraulic knots | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/elastohydrodynamic-interactions-in-soft-hydraulic-knots/18A6F097902EC827F8F32581F4999E04 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of fracture intersections under unsaturated, low‐flow conditions - Wood - 2005 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004WR003281 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

142. H0377 — Pulsatile viscosity contrast

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Pulsed flow will amplify lateral segregation of two miscible liquids with different viscosities.

Test: Image concentration profiles while controlling molecular diffusion.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The use of pulsatile flow to separate species. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446312/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental observations of flow instabilities and rapid mixing of two dissimilar viscoelastic liquids | AIP Advances | AIP Publishing — https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4768667 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Formation of miscible fluid microstructures by hydrodynamic focusing in plane geometries. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19113217/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An experimental study of the effects of density and viscosity contrasts on macrodispersion in porous media - Kretz - 2003 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001WR001244 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

143. H0379 — Reservoir meniscus coupling

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Small reservoir headspaces will introduce measurable anti-correlated flow fluctuations in connected channels.

Test: Measure pressure and flow while varying headspace volume.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Passive microfluidic pumping using coupled capillary/evaporation effects - Lab on a Chip (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2009/LC/B912213C — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Disjoining Pressure of Water in Nanochannels | Nano Letters | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02726 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Passive microfluidic pumping using coupled capillary/evaporation effects - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2827300/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Passive microfluidic pumping using coupled capillary/evaporation effects - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19904410/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

144. H0380 — Capillary stop edge wear

Area: Microfluidics and liquid transport

Hypothesis: Repeated wetting cycles will shift valve burst pressure more strongly at sharp than rounded capillary stops.

Test: Track burst-pressure distributions and edge geometry.

Controls: Flow rate, fluid properties, channel dimensions, and input energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- How the capillary burst microvalve works - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17141795/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Burst behavior at a capillary tip: Effect of low and high surface tension - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979715004877 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Modeling and fabrication of capillary stop valves for planar microfluidic systems - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424705007272 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microfluidic chain reaction of structurally programmed capillary flow events | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04683-4 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

145. H0381 — Droplet charge asymmetry

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: Asymmetrically charged droplets will aggregate more directionally than uniformly charged droplets of equal mean charge.

Test: Image dilute emulsions and characterize charge distributions.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Enhanced attraction between drops carrying fluctuating charge distributions — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8791054/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spontaneous electrical charging of droplets by conventional pipetting — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687225/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electrohydrodynamic-induced interactions between droplets | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/electrohydrodynamicinduced-interactions-between-droplets/49345C13B6AC217F94561A1D716B837A — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Enhanced attraction between drops carrying fluctuating charge distributions | Proceedings A | The Royal Society — https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0714?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

146. H0383 — Emulsion temperature cycling

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: Mild temperature cycling will broaden droplet sizes faster in weakly stabilized than strongly stabilized emulsions.

Test: Track size distributions and interfacial coverage.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Efficient self-emulsification via cooling-heating cycles — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5457670/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of cooling on droplet size in supersaturation-induced emulsions - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/cp/c7cp05905a/unauth — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Probing the droplet cluster structure in acidified temperature-cycled o/w emulsion gels by means of SESANS‡ | International Journal of Food Science and Technology | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/ijfst/article/42/6/746/7864137 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Predictive stress tests to study the influence of processing procedures on long term stability of supersaturated pharmaceutical o/w creams. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17446017/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

147. H0384 — Mixed stabilizer exchange

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: A slow-exchanging stabilizer will reduce loss of a fast-exchanging stabilizer from droplet interfaces.

Test: Measure labeled stabilizer exchange and coalescence.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The secret life of Pickering emulsions: particle exchange revealed using two colours of particle | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31401 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Non-equilibrium exchange kinetics in sequential non-ionic surfactant adsorption: Theory and experiment - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927775707011053 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Quantitative experimental study on the transition between fast and delayed coalescence of sessile droplets with different but completely miscible liquids. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20557061/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The universal law behind long-lived interfaces in fully miscible fluids | Communications Physics — https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-026-02869-0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

148. H0386 — Colloidal crystal boundary mobility

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: A weak periodic shear will increase grain-boundary mobility more than grain-interior disorder.

Test: Image ordered colloids during sub-yield oscillation.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Shear-assisted grain coarsening in colloidal polycrystals - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7533838/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Grain-boundary fluctuations in two-dimensional colloidal crystals. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21231020/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Grain-Boundary Fluctuations in Two-Dimensional Colloidal Crystals | Phys. Rev. Lett. — https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.168301 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Directional grain growth from anisotropic kinetic roughening of grain boundaries in sheared colloidal crystals - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3528504/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

149. H0388 — Droplet interfacial age

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: Older droplet interfaces will resist sudden area expansion more strongly than fresh interfaces at equal bulk stabilizer concentration.

Test: Measure dynamic tension and expansion response.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Elastometry of Complex Fluid Pendant Capsules — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10666541/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Elastometry of Complex Fluid Pendant Capsules | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01845 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics in Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11177314/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Interfacial viscoelasticity controls buckling, wrinkling and arrest in emulsion drops undergoing mass transfer - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C2SM25438G — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2012/sm/c2sm25438g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

150. H0390 — Emulsion confinement layering

Area: Emulsions and colloids

Hypothesis: Channel heights near integer droplet diameters will reduce droplet rearrangement noise.

Test: Measure flow fluctuations across confinement ratios.

Controls: Particle or droplet loading, chemistry, temperature, and preparation energy

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental observation of local rearrangements in dense quasi-two-dimensional emulsion flow | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.062306 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental observation of local rearrangements in dense quasi-two-dimensional emulsion flow. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26172718/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spatiotemporal periodicity of dislocation dynamics in a two-dimensional microfluidic crystal flowing in a tapered channel - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5087054/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Layered Droplet Microstructures in Sheared Emulsions: Finite-Size Effects | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/layered-droplet-microstructures-sheared-emulsions-finite-size-effects — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

151. H0391 — Foam film age contrast

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: A single young film among aged films will redirect a local foam rearrangement.

Test: Image controlled foams after selective film renewal.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Comparison between generations of foams and single vertical films--single and mixed surfactant systems. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24838984/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Additional Article Notification: Comparison between generations of foams and single vertical films--single and mixed surfactant systems. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25147875/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the generation of a foam film during a topological rearrangement | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/on-the-generation-of-a-foam-film-during-a-topological-rearrangement/4B49356988E4956AD4D0B906AE9248AA — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cross over to collective rearrangements near the dry-wet transition in two-dimensional foams | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-31577-w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

152. H0392 — Foam edge drainage asymmetry

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Asymmetric boundary wetting will produce a lateral liquid-fraction gradient during drainage.

Test: Map liquid fraction while reversing boundary treatments.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Anisotropy of Draining Foams | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la020361n — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Anisotropy of Draining Foams | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la020361n — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Free drainage in aqueous foams: Model and experimental study - Magrabi - 2001 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690470210 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Free drainage in aqueous foams: Model and experimental study - Magrabi - 2001 - AIChE Journal - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.690470210 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

153. H0396 — Foam bubble shell elasticity

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Elastic bubble coatings will reduce irreversible neighbor exchanges during sub-yield cycling.

Test: Image rearrangements and measure coating mechanics.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Foam rheology at large deformation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29758637/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Foam rheology at large deformation | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.97.042601 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Statistics of Shear-Induced Rearrangements in a Two-Dimensional Model Foam | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/statistics-shear-induced-rearrangements-two-dimensional-model-foam — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Viscoelastic coarsening of quasi-2D foam | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36763-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

154. H0400 — Foam channel branching

Area: Foams and granular systems

Hypothesis: Gradual channel branching will reduce bubble fragmentation relative to abrupt branching at equal flow division.

Test: Count fragmentation and measure local deformation.

Controls: Particle properties, packing fraction, liquid fraction, and driving conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The flow of a foam in a two‐dimensional porous medium - Géraud - 2016 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015WR017936 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Breakup of bubbles and drops in steadily sheared foams and concentrated emulsions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19113128/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic Behaviors and Mechanisms of Air-Foam Flooding at High Pressure and Reservoir Temperature via Microfluidic Experiments | ACS Omega | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c04317 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

155. H0401 — Contact asperity height spread

Area: Conduction and thermal interfaces

Hypothesis: Narrow asperity-height distributions will reduce thermal-conductance variability under repeated clamping.

Test: Measure conductance and contact maps across repeated assemblies.

Controls: Temperature range, contact pressure, geometry, and material composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Quantifying the effect of asperity size and shape on thermal contact conductance of metal-metal contacts through direct numerical simulations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931017317088 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Quantifying the effect of asperity size and shape on thermal contact conductance of metal-metal contacts through direct numerical simulations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0017931017317088 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Extraction of thermal contact conductance of metal–metal contacts from scale-resolved direct numerical simulation - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931015306001 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

156. H0410 — Thermal adhesive cure gradient

Area: Conduction and thermal interfaces

Hypothesis: Through-thickness cure gradients will create direction-dependent transient thermal impedance.

Test: Reverse heat-flow measurements through characterized adhesive layers.

Controls: Temperature range, contact pressure, geometry, and material composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Internal resistance heating for homogeneous curing of adhesively bonded repairs - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143749611000029 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Brazil - Correlation Between Electromechanical Impedance and Thermal Analysis for Adhesive Cure Time Evaluation in SHM GW Applications Correlation Between Electromechanical Impedance and Thermal Analysis for Adhesive Cure Time Evaluation in SHM GW Applications — https://www.scielo.br/j/mr/a/fnCbWFzpcBHJrBzffqrF3ZC/?lang=en — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thermal Stress Formation in a Functionally Graded Al2O3-Adhesive Single Lap Joint Subjected to a Uniform Temperature Field | MDPI — https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8747/28/4/82 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cure-induced temperature gradient in laminated composite plate: Numerical simulation and experimental measurement - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263822320327483 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

157. H0412 — Sidewall heat leakage

Area: Convection and heat exchange

Hypothesis: Small asymmetric sidewall heating will shift convection-roll orientation before changing total heat transfer.

Test: Map flow orientation and calorimetric output.

Controls: Fluid properties, thermal input, geometry, and boundary temperatures

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Natural convection heat transfer in eccentric horizontal annuli between a heated outer tube and a cooled inner tube with different orientation: The case of an elliptical outer tube - Hirose - 2001 - Heat Transfer—Asian Research - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/htj.1040 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Convective heat transfer along ratchet surfaces in vertical natural convection | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/convective-heat-transfer-along-ratchet-surfaces-in-vertical-natural-convection/DD0A6EACC30AA21AC6AEBB6CDEF6E086 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of sidewall on heat transfer and flow structure in Rayleigh–Bénard convection | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/effect-of-sidewall-on-heat-transfer-and-flow-structure-in-rayleighbenard-convection/F8C715579392F21523DFA5A8BF64C214 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Sidewall effects on heat transfer and flow structure in RB convection 231 — https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F8C715579392F21523DFA5A8BF64C214/S0022112019007705a.pdf/effect_of_sidewall_on_heat_transfer_and_flow_structure_in_rayleighbenard_convection.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

158. H0419 — Buoyant jet nozzle shape

Area: Convection and heat exchange

Hypothesis: A flattened nozzle will change buoyant-jet merging height relative to a circular nozzle at equal flow.

Test: Image thermal plumes from matched nozzles.

Controls: Fluid properties, thermal input, geometry, and boundary temperatures

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental investigation on behavior of multiple vertical buoyant jets discharged into a stagnant ambient - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226798824008857 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An Experimental Investigation on Inclined Negatively Buoyant Jets — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/4/3/720 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/dynamic-interaction-of-multiple-buoyant-jets/7CA05BBF353B2426D104D7ABF6282AB7 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

159. H0425 — Thermal storage capsule packing

Area: Phase-change heat systems

Hypothesis: Ordered capsule packing will reduce discharge-temperature variability relative to random packing.

Test: Measure outlet temperature and flow distribution.

Controls: Energy input, phase-change mass, geometry, and environmental losses

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Performance of a thermal energy storage tank based on latent heat with different capsule allocations. Experimental study in a pilot facility - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25039957 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The Effect of PCM Capsule Material on the Thermal Energy Storage System Performance - Reddy - 2014 - International Scholarly Research Notices - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2014/529280 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Optimizing packed bed latent heat storage systems via multimodal random packing: A numerical study - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225029147 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental and numerical investigation of a latent heat thermal energy storage unit with ellipsoidal macro-encapsulation - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221020764 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

160. H0434 — Pulsed humidity nucleation

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Brief humidity overshoots will increase condensation-site density without proportionally increasing final droplet mass.

Test: Count nuclei and track droplet growth.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Simultaneous measurement of heat flux and droplet population during dropwise condensation from humid air flowing on a vertical surface - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0894177722000784 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dropwise condensation on solid hydrophilic surfaces - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6954056/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Condensation of water vapor: Experimental determination of mass and thermal accommodation coefficients - Winkler - 2006 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007194 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

161. H0438 — Vapor adsorption preconditioning

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Humidity preconditioning will shorten condensation induction more on porous than smooth surfaces.

Test: Measure induction and retained water.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Condensation Enhancement by Surface Porosity: Three-Stage Mechanism. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26208143/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Water adsorption and desorption pretreatment of surfaces increases the maximum amount of adsorbed water molecules by a multiple | Adsorption | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10450-013-9536-1 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental investigation of moist air condensation on hydrophilic, hydrophobic, superhydrophilic, and hybrid hydrophobic-hydrophilic surfaces - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931017330314 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Condensation Enhancement by Surface Porosity: Three-Stage Mechanism | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/langd5/article/31/32/8852/1376365/Condensation-Enhancement-by-Surface-Porosity-Three — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

162. H0440 — Evaporating droplet thermal coupling

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Closely spaced droplets on conductive supports will have more synchronized evaporation rates.

Test: Compare independent mass-loss curves across spacing.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of substrate conductivity on the evaporation of small sessile droplets | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033103 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Evaporation of closely-spaced interacting droplets arranged in a single row - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0017931015301782 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The strong influence of substrate conductivity on droplet evaporation | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/strong-influence-of-substrate-conductivity-on-droplet-evaporation/CDCA592888292CC74D22DC0473433C5E — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spatially Patterned Condensation Arrays Driven by Evaporating Droplets - Nasirimarekani - 2026 - Small Structures - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sstr.70603 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

163. H0447 — Porous optical thickness

Area: Radiation and thermal optics

Hypothesis: Drying-induced pore collapse will change near-infrared transmission before visible transparency.

Test: Measure spectra and pore volume during drying.

Controls: Spectral properties, temperature, geometry, and absorbed power

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- 1/λ4 scattering of light during the drying process in porous Vycor glass with nano-sized pores — https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.30.000154 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- 1/λ4 scattering of light during the drying process in porous Vycor glass with nano-sized pores. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23456049/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Porous silicon nanocracking - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921510799002457 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Humidity-tolerant porous polymer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48621-6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

164. H0448 — Polarized heating orientation

Area: Radiation and thermal optics

Hypothesis: Aligned absorbing fibers will show orientation-dependent photothermal bending under polarized illumination.

Test: Rotate polarization and measure curvature.

Controls: Spectral properties, temperature, geometry, and absorbed power

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Photomechanical Energy Conversion of Photoresponsive Fibers Exhibiting Bending Behavior - Nakata - 2012 - International Journal of Photoenergy - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2012/574124 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Optically activated cantilever using photomechanical effects in dye-doped polymer fibers — https://opg.optica.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-23-4-697 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Direction control of photomechanical bending of a photochromic molecular fiber - Journal of Materials Chemistry (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/B924718A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2010/jm/b924718a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Spatial Temperature Mapping within Polymer Nanocomposites Undergoing Ultrafast Photothermal Heating via Gold Nanorods — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4488066/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

165. H0461 — Salt domain spacing

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Closer salt-rich domains will reduce conductivity loss during gel stretching.

Test: Measure conductivity and domain spacing under strain.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Adaptive Deformation of Ionic Domains in Hydrogel Enforcing Dielectric Coupling for Sensitive Response to Mechanical Stretching - Wang - 2020 - Advanced Intelligent Systems - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aisy.202000016 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- This is the accepted manuscript made available via CHORUS. The article has been — https://link.aps.org/accepted/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.127801 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ion Correlation Effects in Salt-Doped Block — https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/1468577 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Strong, tough and conductive single-network hydrogels based on deswelling and the salting-out effect - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sm/d4sm00298a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

166. H0463 — Gel interface roughening

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Mild interfacial roughening will reduce contact-impedance drift under repeated bending.

Test: Measure contact and bulk impedance separately.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hysteresis-free and high sensitivity strain sensing of ionically conductive hydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937743/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- View Article Online — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/sm/d6sm00047a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electromechanical responses in water-rich self-assembled amphiphile gels and hydrated ionogels: reassessing piezoelectric attributions - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D6SM00047A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/sm/d6sm00047a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hysteresis‐Free and High‐Sensitivity Strain Sensing of Ionically Conductive Hydrogels - Song - 2023 - Advanced NanoBiomed Research - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anbr.202200132 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

167. H0466 — Gel compression dwell

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Long compression holds will increase post-release conductivity overshoot when ions redistribute slowly.

Test: Measure transient conductivity and thickness recovery.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A Complementary Dual‐Mode Ion‐Electron Conductive Hydrogel Enables Sustained Conductivity for Prolonged Electroencephalogram Recording - Su - 2024 - Advanced Science - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202405273 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thermal actuation of hydrogels from PNIPAm, alginate, and carbon nanofibres - Warren - 2018 - Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/polb.24430 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Decoupling of Mechanical Strength and Ionic Conductivity in Zwitterionic Elastomer Gel Electrolyte toward Safe Batteries. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33705099/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Stress-relaxation behavior in gels with ionic and covalent crosslinks - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3069988/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

168. H0467 — Multilayer salt asymmetry

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Opposite salt gradients in adjacent layers will reduce net concentration polarization.

Test: Measure concentration profiles during matched current pulses.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of geometry on concentration polarization in realistic heterogeneous permselective systems | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.89.043015 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ion transport through a graphene nanopore - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3446844/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Salinity-driven convection mechanisms in stratified brines - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250925020457 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Studies with composite membranes. II. Measurement of asymmetric properties. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5089918/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

169. H0469 — Gel drying orientation

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Drying perpendicular to aligned channels will preserve more ionic anisotropy than drying along them.

Test: Measure structure and directional conductivity after rehydration.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- [Experimental device to measure the ionic conductivity anisotropy in liquid crystal hydrogel based in [EMIM] alkyl sulfate Ionic Liquids - ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378381221004155) — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Aligning self-assembled gelators by drying under shear — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2016/cc/c6cc02824a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cellulose in never-dried gel oriented by an AC electric field. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19348418/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Directional Confinement Governed Ion Transport for Efficient Actuation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42876332/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

170. H0470 — Electrolyte microcrack closure

Area: Ion gels and polymer electrolytes

Hypothesis: Small compressive bias will restore conductivity across reversible gel microcracks.

Test: Image cracks while measuring local resistance.

Controls: Salt content, water content, thickness, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Highly flexible and non-toxic natural polymer gel electrolyte for printed supercapacitors for IoT | Applied Physics A | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-019-2461-8 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cross-Linked Gel Electrolytes with Self-Healing Functionalities for Smart Lithium Batteries | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c15011 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cross-Linked Gel Electrolytes with Self-Healing Functionalities for Smart Lithium Batteries — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9706498/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cross-Linked Gel Electrolytes with Self-Healing Functionalities for Smart Lithium Batteries | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.2c15011 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

171. H0475 — Collector contact redundancy

Area: Electrical storage model systems

Hypothesis: Multiple small collector contacts will retain lower resistance during bending than one large contact of equal area.

Test: Cycle model electrodes and map resistance.

Controls: Active mass, voltage range, energy input, and thermal conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Determination of the Contact Resistance of Planar Contacts: Electrically Conductive Adhesives in Battery Cell Connections — https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/9/9/443 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electrical Reliability of a Film-Type Connection during Bending — https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/4/4/827 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

172. H0478 — Capacitor packaging flexibility

Area: Electrical storage model systems

Hypothesis: Moderately compliant packaging will reduce contact-resistance growth during swelling.

Test: Track pressure and resistance in safe model devices.

Controls: Active mass, voltage range, energy input, and thermal conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Investigation of moisture-induced failures of stacked-die package - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2007.07.014 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Precision Capacitance Cell for Measurement of Thin Film Out-of-Plane Expansion. II. Hygrothermal Expansion | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/precision-capacitance-cell-measurement-thin-film-out-plane-expansion-ii-hygrothermal — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Isothermal aging effects on flex cracking of multilayer ceramic capacitors with standard and flexible terminations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026271407000030 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

173. H0480 — Electrode drying before assembly

Area: Electrical storage model systems

Hypothesis: Partial residual hydration will reduce initial conditioning variability compared with complete drying.

Test: Measure hydration and early-cycle response.

Controls: Active mass, voltage range, energy input, and thermal conditions

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Development of Optimal Conditioning Method to Improve Economic Efficiency of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/11/2831 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Design of Vacuum Post‐Drying Procedures for Electrodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries - Huttner - 2021 - Batteries & Supercaps - Wiley Online Library — https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/batt.202100088 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tuning Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolytic Cell Performance by Conditioning Nafion N115‐Based Membrane Electrode Assemblies - Wolf - 2025 - Electrochemical Science Advances - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202400038 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

174. H0482 — Scratch endpoint shape

Area: Corrosion and protective surfaces

Hypothesis: Rounded scratch endpoints will reduce localized corrosion initiation compared with pointed endpoints.

Test: Track corrosion fronts in benign salt exposure.

Controls: Environment chemistry, exposure time, coating thickness, and metal composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Localized dissolution electrochemistry at surface irregularities of pipeline steel - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016943320800281X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of scratching on corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of Alloy 690TT at 58 °C and 330 °C - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010938X09003588 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Mechanism-Oriented Multiphysics Study of Scratch-Width-Dependent Galvanic Protection Loss in Mechanically Damaged Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Enclosures — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13566176/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Corrosion behavior of scratched coated steel structures in marine atmospheric environments | AIP Advances | AIP Publishing — https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/16/6/065024/3394631/Corrosion-behavior-of-scratched-coated-steel?searchresult=1 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

175. H0483 — Humidity ramp asymmetry

Area: Corrosion and protective surfaces

Hypothesis: Fast wetting and slow drying will cause more corrosion than the reverse schedule at equal wet duration.

Test: Measure mass change and local electrochemistry.

Controls: Environment chemistry, exposure time, coating thickness, and metal composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effect of variable humidity on corrosion fatigue of AA7085-T7451 with surface salt deposits | npj Materials Degradation — https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-024-00530-1 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The mechanism controlling corrosion of steel in carbonated cementitious materials in wetting and drying exposure - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103717 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanism of Zinc Corrosion in Accelerated Corrosion Tests - Popova - 2025 - Materials and Corrosion - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/maco.202514816 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

176. H0484 — Protective particle settling

Area: Corrosion and protective surfaces

Hypothesis: Preventing particle settling during coating cure will reduce spatial corrosion variability.

Test: Compare filler maps and corrosion exposure results.

Controls: Environment chemistry, exposure time, coating thickness, and metal composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Settling behaviour of pristine, UV-weathered, and biofouled particles from organic corrosion protection coatings under varying environmental conditions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42172841/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Geometric modelling of corrosion inhibitor pigments in active protective coatings based on SR-nano-CT images - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030094402400554X — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Leaching in active protective coatings observed in-situ by nano-CT using synchrotron radiation - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X26000405 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Assessing Process and Coating Reliability Through Monitoring of Process and Design Relevant Coating Properties | Journal of Thermal Spray Technology | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11666-009-9467-2 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

177. H0490 — Condensate chloride redistribution

Area: Corrosion and protective surfaces

Hypothesis: Intermittent droplet shedding will create stronger local salt concentration than continuous wetting.

Test: Measure deposited salt maps and subsequent attack.

Controls: Environment chemistry, exposure time, coating thickness, and metal composition

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Infrared thermography of evaporative fluxes and dynamics of salt deposition on heterogeneous porous surfaces - Nachshon - 2011 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2011wr010776 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Improving heat and mass transfer rates through continuous drop-wise condensation - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34608187/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Convection inside condensing and evaporating droplets of aqueous solution. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29761195/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Improving heat and mass transfer rates through continuous drop-wise condensation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8490593/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

178. H0495 — Humidity shield vent direction

Area: Dielectrics and electrostatics

Hypothesis: Downward-facing vents will reduce transient charge loss during humid airflow pulses.

Test: Measure local humidity and charge decay.

Controls: Humidity, temperature, geometry, initial charge, and measurement noise

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 27 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effects of different inlet vent positions on the uniformity of humidity inside a building chamber - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778814002424 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of condensate on air-side pressure drop in wavy fin-and-tube heat exchangers: Influence of airflow direction, humidity, velocity, and fin pitch - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128203 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Development and experimental validation of a heat, air and moisture model for metal-clad roofs - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132325015471 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of relative humidity on dust removal performance of electrodynamic dust shield - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ELSTAT.2020.103434 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

179. H0009 — Confinement could alter mixed-solvent evaporation order

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: Narrowing an open porous channel will change the early vapor composition of a binary solvent mixture beyond the change expected from its measured liquid temperature.

Test: Measure vapor composition and liquid composition above channels of several widths using a benign, compatible solvent pair under controlled airflow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: A bulk evaporation model using actual temperature and composition explains the observations within uncertainty.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Confinement-induced alterations in the evaporation dynamics of sessile droplets. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28078334/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Confinement-induced alterations in the evaporation dynamics of sessile droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/sm/c6sm02429g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Confinement-induced alterations in the evaporation dynamics of sessile droplets - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/sm/c6sm02429g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effect of confinement on the phase behavior of propane in nanoporous media: an experimental study probing capillary condensation, evaporation, and hysteresis at varying pore sizes and temperatures. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38291880/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

180. H0014 — Interfacial texture could redirect delamination

Area: B. Materials and mechanical behavior

Hypothesis: Shallow sinusoidal interfacial grooves will steer delamination into a longer path and increase fracture energy relative to straight grooves with equal area and depth.

Test: Conduct peel tests on matched bonded strips; image the crack path and measure adhesive thickness and surface area.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Energy differences disappear after area correction or the crack bypasses the patterned interface.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Interface delamination vs. bulk cracking along wavy interfaces - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013794418307227 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanical Performance of Gomphosis‐Type Fiber Metal Laminates With Meso‐Grooved Interlocking Interfaces - Liu - 2026 - Polymer Composites - Wiley Online Library — https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pc.71402 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Failure mechanisms along patterned bimaterial interfaces - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167844226001527 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

181. H0066 — Wet–dry cycling could shift mineral-bound phosphate release

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: Repeated partial drying will change the fraction of phosphate released from an iron-oxide mineral during rewetting compared with continuous hydration of equal duration.

Test: Use sterile mineral suspensions; measure dissolved phosphate, mineral surface area, and iron chemistry after controlled cycles.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Release is unchanged after surface-area and redox changes are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712008406 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Repeated drying and rewetting differently affect abiotic and biotic soil phosphorus (P) dynamics in a sandy soil: A 33P soil incubation study - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071720303758 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22750178/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Repeated drying and rewetting differently affect abiotic and biotic soil phosphorus (P) dynamics in a sandy soil: A 33P soil incubation study - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2020.108079 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

182. H0161 — Basalt weathering and wetting front speed

Area: SOILS, ROCKS, AND PLANETARY ANALOGUES

Hypothesis: A slow wetting front through crushed basalt will release a different dissolved-ion ratio than rapid wetting at equal water-to-rock ratio.

Test: Use sterile columns; measure ion ratios, pH, residence times, and reactive surface area.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Ratios agree after measured residence time and pH are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Quantifying Decay Due to Wet Atmospheric Deposition on Basalt — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/16/5644 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- CO2 diffusion into pore spaces limits weathering rate of an experimental basalt landscape | U.S. Geological Survey — https://www.usgs.gov/publications/co2-diffusion-pore-spaces-limits-weathering-rate-experimental-basalt-landscape — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- CO2 diffusion into pore spaces limits weathering rate of an experimental basalt landscape — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70189335 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore water chemistry reveals gradients in mineral transformation across a model basaltic hillslope - Pohlmann - 2016 - Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GC006270 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

183. H0163 — Carbonate nucleation and grain contact density

Area: SOILS, ROCKS, AND PLANETARY ANALOGUES

Hypothesis: Carbonate precipitation will preferentially cement grain contacts rather than open surfaces as contact density rises at fixed total mineral surface area.

Test: Use synthetic grain packs and benign precipitation chemistry; map cement location and strength.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Cement localization does not scale with contact density.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Probabilistic Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Porous Medium: New Insights from Calcium Carbonate Precipitation on Primary and Secondary Substrates - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8552360/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- From loose sand to sandstone: An experimental approach on early calcite precipitation in sands of siliciclastic and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic composition - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11498678/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Probabilistic Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Porous Medium: New Insights from Calcium Carbonate Precipitation on Primary and Secondary Substrates | ACS Omega | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c04147 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- From loose sand to sandstone: An experimental approach on early calcite precipitation in sands of siliciclastic and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic composition | PLOS One — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312479 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

184. H0321 — Twin spacing and springback

Area: Metal microstructures

Hypothesis: Intermediate twin-boundary spacing will minimize springback variability in a suitable model alloy.

Test: Measure microscopy and bending recovery across matched alloy treatments.

Controls: Alloy composition, grain size, loading, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- An Energy Minimization Approach to Twinning with Variable Volume Fraction - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11255090/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Springback Reduction in Tailor Welded Blank with High Strength Differential by Using Multi‐Objective Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms - Nguyen - 2015 - steel research international - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/SRIN.201400263 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microstructure evolution and springback behavior in single-pass roll bending of magnesium alloy plates - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838824035229 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of twinning and detwinning on the spring-back and shift of neutral layer in AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets during V-bend - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261306914009996 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

185. H1004 — Humidity condensate threshold — microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet

Area: Hydrophobic gas-transfer membranes

Hypothesis: For microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet, a gas-side humidity gradient will create localized transfer loss before bulk condensation appears.

Test: Map humidity, local flux, and condensate images.

Controls: Use nonreactive air-water oxygen transfer, verified liquid exclusion, equal active area, temperature, gas pressure, and measured liquid-side mixing.

Against: Flux loss begins only with visible bulk condensation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Compatible membrane, low-pressure gas/water flow loop, calibrated dissolved-oxygen measurement, and leak detection.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Condensation studies in gas permeable membranes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376738803005751 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental and Simulation Study of Mass Transfer Enhancement by a Foam Microporous Layer in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under a Wide Range of Humidity. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40523057/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

186. H1007 — Membrane tension balance — microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet

Area: Hydrophobic gas-transfer membranes

Hypothesis: For microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet, intermediate tension will minimize flux variability caused by flow-induced flutter.

Test: Measure membrane motion and flux at several tensions.

Controls: Use nonreactive air-water oxygen transfer, verified liquid exclusion, equal active area, temperature, gas pressure, and measured liquid-side mixing.

Against: Flux variability lacks a reproducible intermediate minimum.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Compatible membrane, low-pressure gas/water flow loop, calibrated dissolved-oxygen measurement, and leak detection.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental system for investigating membrane gas–liquid mass transfer during a parabolic flight | Space and Planetary Resources | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44461-026-00007-w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A study of mass transfer resistance in membrane gas–liquid contacting processes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376738805005697 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Penetrant-induced plasticization in microporous polymer membranes | Chemical Society Reviews | The Royal Society of Chemistry — https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00235G — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Penetrant-induced plasticization in microporous polymer membranes - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38294167/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

187. H1010 — Liquid interruption memory — microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet

Area: Hydrophobic gas-transfer membranes

Hypothesis: For microporous polypropylene gas-transfer sheet, brief liquid-flow interruptions will leave a longer flux memory when surface adsorption is stronger.

Test: Measure restart flux and independent benign-solute adsorption.

Controls: Use nonreactive air-water oxygen transfer, verified liquid exclusion, equal active area, temperature, gas pressure, and measured liquid-side mixing.

Against: Memory duration is unrelated to adsorption after mixing is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Compatible membrane, low-pressure gas/water flow loop, calibrated dissolved-oxygen measurement, and leak detection.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental system for investigating membrane gas–liquid mass transfer during a parabolic flight - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13086225/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A study of mass transfer resistance in membrane gas–liquid contacting processes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376738805005697 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Gaseous flow induced by volatile liquids at microporous, lyophobic membranes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0009250968850080 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental system for investigating membrane gas–liquid mass transfer during a parabolic flight | Space and Planetary Resources | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44461-026-00007-w — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

188. H1105 — Filler-free surface skin — carbon-black silicone composite

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For carbon-black silicone composite, a thin insulating skin will reduce humidity-driven resistance drift while preserving strain response.

Test: Measure humidity and strain calibration across skin thicknesses.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Drift reduction requires comparable loss of strain sensitivity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Journal of Applied Polymer Science | Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/app.29685 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Study on compressive resistance creep and recovery of flexible pressure sensitive material based on carbon black filled silicone rubber composite - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424710004814 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of carbon black concentration on piezoresistivity for carbon-black-filled silicone rubber composite - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622309003972 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Resistive viscoelasticity of silicone rubber/carbon black composite - Wang - 2011 - Polymer Composites - Wiley Online Library — https://4spepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pc.21012 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

189. H1131 — Strain dwell conditioning — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, several short strain holds will reduce later resistance hysteresis more than one long hold of equal duration.

Test: Measure resistance-strain loops and recovery after matched conditioning.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Hysteresis reduction is no greater with repeated holds.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- All polymeric conductive strain sensors with excellent skin adhesion, recovery, and long-term stability prepared from an anion–zwitterion based hydrogel‡ — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9827471/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Resilient and Tough Conductive Polymer Hydrogel for a Low-Hysteresis Strain Sensor - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37863475/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Resilient and Tough Conductive Polymer Hydrogel for a Low‐Hysteresis Strain Sensor - Cao - 2024 - Macromolecular Rapid Communications - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/marc.202300467 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Recovery from applied strain in interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels with ionic and covalent cross-links - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/sm/c2sm26745d — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

190. H1132 — Lead orientation sensitivity — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, diagonal voltage contacts will detect shear-induced network changes more strongly than axial contacts.

Test: Measure multi-terminal resistance during calibrated shear.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Diagonal contacts provide no greater shear signal after baseline resistance is normalized.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Smart Hydrogel Swelling State Detection Based on a Power-Transfer Transduction Principle | ACS Applied Polymer Materials | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsapm.4c00808 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Anisotropic, ultra-sensitive, self-adhesive, biocompatible, and conductive hydrogels prepared for wearable sensors - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305723004603 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental study on stability of different solid contact arrangements of ion-selective electrodes. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20685450/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hysteresis-free and high sensitivity strain sensing of ionically conductive hydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937743/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

191. H1133 — Compression release staging — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, staged unloading will reduce resistance overshoot compared with abrupt unloading.

Test: Record thickness and resistance transients after identical compression.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Overshoot is unchanged once mechanical recovery is included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Gradient Porous PVA/CB Composites for High-Performance Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/13/1630 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nonmonotonic swelling and compression dynamics of hydrogels in polymer solutions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33466094/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Graphene-based porous hydrogels with a tunable piezoresistive response for wearable strain sensing - Journal of Materials Chemistry B (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D5TB02688A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/tb/d5tb02688a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Elastic, Conductive, Polymeric Hydrogels and Sponges | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05792 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

192. H1134 — Thermal compensation patch — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, an unloaded adjacent reference patch will correct thermal drift during deformation.

Test: Independently vary temperature and strain and compare corrected readings.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Reference correction does not reduce strain-estimation error.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Sensing: Materials, Mechanics, and Multimodal Interfaces — https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157546 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Strain-Insensitive Conductive Hydrogel Materials for Motion-Artifact-Free Flexible Bioelectronics - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13606130/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hysteresis-free and high sensitivity strain sensing of ionically conductive hydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937743/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Amphibious Multifunctional Hydrogel Flexible Haptic Sensor with Self-Compensation Mechanism - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125873/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

193. H1137 — Microtexture pressure distribution — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, rounded surface domes will reduce pressure-signal variability relative to sharp pyramids.

Test: Measure pressure maps and repeatability under repeated contact.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Variability is not reduced after contact area is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- 3D printed microstructured ultra-sensitive pressure sensors based on microgel-reinforced double network hydrogels for biomechanical applications — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/mh/d3mh00718a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanically adaptable microdomed hydrogels for flexible pressure sensors with broad detection range and stable signal output - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894724106043 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electromechanical-Laplace synergic conductive hydrogel system enables precise interface pressure monitoring - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894726092703 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Skin-like Transparent Polymer-Hydrogel Hybrid Pressure Sensor with Pyramid Microstructures - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8513041/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

194. H1138 — Preload relaxation diagnosis — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, resistance relaxation under fixed preload will predict subsequent calibration drift.

Test: Compare prerecording relaxation with independently measured later drift across specimens.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Relaxation fails to predict drift on held-out specimens.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hysteresis-free and high sensitivity strain sensing of ionically conductive hydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937743/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Sensing: Materials, Mechanics, and Multimodal Interfaces — https://doi.org/10.3390/app16157546 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Amphibious Multifunctional Hydrogel Flexible Haptic Sensor with Self-Compensation Mechanism - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11125873/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

195. H1139 — Localized conductor bridges — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, sparse highly conductive bridges will reduce open-circuit failures without eliminating local strain sensitivity.

Test: Map resistance and strain through fatigue cycles.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Bridges provide no lifetime gain at matched usable sensitivity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Anti-Freezing, Non-Drying, Localized Stiffening, and Shape-Morphing Organohydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9222875/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Anti-Freezing, Non-Drying, Localized Stiffening, and Shape-Morphing Organohydrogels | MDPI — https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/8/6/331 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electric Field Assisted Self-Healing of Open Circuits with Conductive Particle-Insulating Fluid Dispersions: Optimizing Dispersion Concentration — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6928145/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Developing Continuous Submicron-Scale Conductive Interpenetrating Hydrogel Network in Polyethylene Matrices through Controlled Crazing and Polymerization | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b07010 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

196. H1140 — Measurement current scheduling — conductive polymer hydrogel

Area: Piezoresistive soft composites

Hypothesis: For conductive polymer hydrogel, intermittent sensing current will reduce self-heating drift relative to continuous sensing at equal data precision.

Test: Measure temperature and resistance with matched noise levels.

Controls: Filler fraction, initial resistance, dimensions, temperature, strain rate, contact resistance, and measured mechanical strain.

Against: Drift is unchanged after actual dissipated energy is included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified conductive composites, four-terminal electrical measurement, controlled mechanical loading, and temperature logging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hysteresis-free and high sensitivity strain sensing of ionically conductive hydrogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937743/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Detection, Reconstruction, and Overheating Warning of Three-Dimensional Dynamic Temperature Fields Inside Conductive Polymer Gels — https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/17/2141 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Conductive Hydrogels for Wearable Sensing: Materials, Mechanics, and Multimodal Interfaces — https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/15/7546 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Decoupling crosslinking networks for improved rapid strain response and intelligent sensing applications - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894726048497 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

197. H1502 — Drying support adhesion — flaxseed mucilage

Area: Seed-derived mucilage gels

Hypothesis: For flaxseed mucilage, low-adhesion drying supports will reduce rehydration-time variability.

Test: Compare uptake and film cracking across support treatments.

Controls: Use purified nonhuman plant material; match extraction batch, solids, ionic strength, temperature, and independently measured starting viscosity.

Against: Rehydration variability does not follow support adhesion.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Purified plant mucilage, controlled extraction/hydration, balance, rheology or mechanical testing, and calibrated imaging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Slipping vs sticking: water-dependent adhesive and frictional properties of Linum usitatissimum L. seed mucilaginous envelope and its biological significance - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25662910/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- influence of pectins and cellulose fibers in the mechanical and adhesive properties of seed mucilage | Journal of Experimental Botany | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/76/8/2252/7953933 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Slipping vs sticking: Water-dependent adhesive and frictional properties of Linum usitatissimum L. seed mucilaginous envelope and its biological significance - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1742706115000525 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- influence of pectins and cellulose fibers in the mechanical and adhesive properties of seed mucilage | Journal of Experimental Botany | Oxford Academic — https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraf014 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

198. H1503 — Ion exposure sequence — flaxseed mucilage

Area: Seed-derived mucilage gels

Hypothesis: For flaxseed mucilage, gradual divalent-ion addition will produce a more uniform gel than abrupt addition at equal final composition.

Test: Map local modulus and ion concentration.

Controls: Use purified nonhuman plant material; match extraction batch, solids, ionic strength, temperature, and independently measured starting viscosity.

Against: Modulus variation is no lower under gradual addition.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Purified plant mucilage, controlled extraction/hydration, balance, rheology or mechanical testing, and calibrated imaging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Great potential of flaxseed mucilage | European Food Research and Technology | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00217-023-04429-0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Gelation properties of flaxseed gum - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260877405004425 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

199. H1506 — Mineral contact reversibility — flaxseed mucilage

Area: Seed-derived mucilage gels

Hypothesis: For flaxseed mucilage, adsorption onto smooth silica will recover more activity in water-film stabilization than adsorption onto rough silica.

Test: Measure adsorbed mass, release, and capillary film lifetimes.

Controls: Use purified nonhuman plant material; match extraction batch, solids, ionic strength, temperature, and independently measured starting viscosity.

Against: Recovered stabilization follows released mass without a roughness effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Purified plant mucilage, controlled extraction/hydration, balance, rheology or mechanical testing, and calibrated imaging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Linear adsorption of nonionic organic compounds from water onto hydrophilic minerals: Silica and alumina — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70028980 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Linear adsorption of nonionic organic compounds from water onto hydrophilic minerals: Silica and alumina | U.S. Geological Survey — https://www.usgs.gov/publications/linear-adsorption-nonionic-organic-compounds-water-hydrophilic-minerals-silica-and — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Demucilaging and dehulling flaxseed with a wet process - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643809000024 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Functional Properties of Flax Seed Mucilage - MAZZA - 1989 - Journal of Food Science - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb05978.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

200. H1508 — Evaporation skin timing — flaxseed mucilage

Area: Seed-derived mucilage gels

Hypothesis: For flaxseed mucilage, surface elastic signals will precede measurable evaporation-rate decline during skin formation.

Test: Measure surface rheology and gravimetric drying synchronously.

Controls: Use purified nonhuman plant material; match extraction batch, solids, ionic strength, temperature, and independently measured starting viscosity.

Against: Elastic changes do not precede drying-rate changes.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Purified plant mucilage, controlled extraction/hydration, balance, rheology or mechanical testing, and calibrated imaging.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- “Sticky invasion” – the physical properties of Plantago lanceolata L. seed mucilage - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5238637/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Development and characterization of flaxseed mucilage and elastin/collagen biofilms - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11336621/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7697610/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- What determines drying rates at the onset of diffusion controlled stage‐2 evaporation from porous media? - Shokri - 2011 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010284 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

201. H1701 — Flow interruption pits — calcite single-crystal dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For calcite single-crystal dissolution, repeated flow interruptions will increase pit-depth variability compared with steady flow.

Test: Measure surface topography and dissolved-ion release.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Pit variability is unchanged after total dissolved mass is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Examination of crystal dissolution in 3D: A way to reconcile dissolution rates in the laboratory? - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703720300041 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Temporal Evolution of Calcite Surface Dissolution Kinetics — https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163x/8/6/256 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Temporal Evolution of Calcite Surface Dissolution Kinetics — https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/8/6/256 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Probability distributions of mineral dissolution rates: the role of lattice defects — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/water/articles/10.3389/frwa.2023.1225837/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

202. H1710 — Paired mineral spacing — calcite single-crystal dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For calcite single-crystal dissolution, close neighboring grains will dissolve less uniformly than widely separated grains at equal total area.

Test: Measure grain-resolved mass loss across spacing.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Uniformity is independent of spacing after flow is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Examination of crystal dissolution in 3D: A way to reconcile dissolution rates in the laboratory? - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703720300041 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tracking the dissolution of calcite single crystals in acid waters: a simple method for measuring fast surface kinetics. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657628/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Reaction Rates in Chemically Heterogeneous Rock: Coupled Impact of Structure and Flow Properties Studied by X-ray Microtomography | Environmental Science & Technology | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b06224 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Single Calcite Particle Dissolution Kinetics: Revealing the Influence of Mass Transport - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885995/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

203. H1732 — Mask edge enhancement — quartz grain dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For quartz grain dissolution, narrow inert surface masks will concentrate dissolution near mask boundaries.

Test: Map retreat rates while varying boundary length at fixed masked area.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Retreat rates show no boundary-localized excess.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Surface modification of the MoSiON phase shift mask to reduce critical dimension variation - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433213010647 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Shadow and contact masks for abrasive slurry jet micro-machining of planar areas with uniform depth - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591025014627 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- “Atomic Force Masking” Induced Formation of Effective Hot Spots along Grain Boundaries of Metal Thin Films | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.6b11851 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Hard Particle Mask Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Textures - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11509647/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

204. H1733 — Undersaturation ramp — quartz grain dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For quartz grain dissolution, gradual undersaturation changes will produce less rate hysteresis than abrupt changes.

Test: Measure solution chemistry and retreat across ramp schedules.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Hysteresis is independent of ramp speed.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16230632/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Role of electrochemical reactions in pressure solution - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703709001008 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Variability of dissolution rates at constant undersaturation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16290845/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1266142/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

205. H1734 — Facet roughness memory — quartz grain dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For quartz grain dissolution, pre-roughened facets will retain elevated dissolution-rate fluctuations after mean rates converge.

Test: Measure time-resolved retreat and roughness.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Fluctuations converge with the mean rate.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Atomic force microscopy of atomic-scale ledges and etch pits formed during dissolution of quartz. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17816189/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface microstructures developed on polished quartz crystals embedded in wet quartz sand compacted under hydrothermal conditions - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8295331/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

206. H1737 — Ion pulse recovery — quartz grain dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For quartz grain dissolution, a short pulse of a compatible common ion will leave a transient rate memory after washout.

Test: Measure local solution exchange and dissolution rate.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Rate follows solution composition without additional memory.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- On the Mechanism of the Dissolution of Quartz and Silica in Aqueous Solutions - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31457494/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Quartz dissolution: Negative crystal experiments and a rate law - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379390033S — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1266142/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nonmonotonic Coupled Dissolution‐Precipitation Reactions at the Mineral–Water Interface - Rao - 2021 - Advanced Functional Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106396 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

207. H1739 — Microchannel confinement — quartz grain dissolution

Area: Mineral dissolution model systems

Hypothesis: For quartz grain dissolution, confined dissolution will produce stronger temporal rate correlations than open-bath dissolution.

Test: Compare time series with matched transport coefficients.

Controls: Use suitable controlled laboratory chemistry for each mineral; match reactive area, solution saturation, flow, pH, and temperature. Slow systems may require extended monitoring.

Against: Correlations are fully explained by measured solution residence times.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Characterized minerals, controlled flow chemistry, surface imaging, and calibrated dissolved-ion analysis; quartz may require lengthy or specialist tests.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1266142/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Compaction of granular quartz under hydrothermal conditions: Controlling mechanisms and grain boundary processes - van Noort - 2008 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005815 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Creep of simulated reservoir sands and coupled chemical‐mechanical effects of CO2 injection - Hangx - 2010 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006939 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Compaction of granular quartz under hydrothermal conditions: Controlling mechanisms and grain boundary processes - van Noort - 2008 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2008JB005815 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

208. H1803 — Flow pause saturation — periodic square-pore glass network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For periodic square-pore glass network, short flow pauses will slow subsequent dissolution by locally saturating water.

Test: Measure restart shrinkage and local dissolved gas.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Restart slowdown is absent or unrelated to local saturation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of constant and alternating fluid flow conditions on the dissolution of bioactive glass S53P4 - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022309326004278 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Incorporating bubble evolution and transport in constitutive relationships for quasi- and non-equilibrium two-phase flows in porous media — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/water/articles/10.3389/frwa.2023.1167872/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Unsaturated flow through fracture networks: Evolution of liquid phase structure, dynamics, and the critical importance of fracture intersections - Glass - 2003 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003WR002015 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Unsaturated flow through a fracture–matrix network: Dynamic preferential pathways in mesoscale laboratory experiments - Glass - 2002 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001WR001002 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

209. H1891 — Bubble neighborhood density — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, closely neighboring trapped bubbles will dissolve more slowly per initial area than isolated bubbles.

Test: Image bubble shrinkage at controlled dissolved-gas concentration.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Neighborhood density has no effect after local transport is measured.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental evidence of the effect of solute concentration on the collective evolution of bubbles in a regular pore-network - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876223000771 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Coupled Dissolution and Diffusive Interactions of Microbubbles in Irregular Pore Networks | Transport in Porous Media | Springer Nature Link — https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-026-02315-3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble dynamics inside an outgassing hydrogel confined in a Hele-Shaw cell. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627394/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

210. H1892 — Pressure staircase — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, a pressure staircase will leave a broader bubble-size distribution than a smooth pressure ramp.

Test: Compare trapped bubbles at equal final pressure and elapsed time.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Size distributions are indistinguishable after initial sizes are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A cluster of N-bubbles driven along a channel at high imposed driving pressure: Bubble areas, film lengths and vertex locations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377025725000746 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble Dislodgment in a Capillary Network with Microscopic Multichannels and Multibifurcation Features | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03323 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble Dislodgment in a Capillary Network with Microscopic Multichannels and Multibifurcation Features. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30721065/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble dynamics inside an outgassing hydrogel confined in a Hele-Shaw cell. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627394/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

211. H1894 — Outlet distance memory — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, bubbles farther from the outlet will retain longer pressure-cycle memory.

Test: Map bubble volume and connectivity across positions.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Memory does not correlate with transport distance after geometry is included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Microbubbles as biocompatible porogens for hydrogel scaffolds. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22868194/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microbubbles as Biocompatible Porogens for Hydrogel Scaffolds — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3654399/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microbubble‐Infused Hydrogel Scaffolds With Tunable Porosity for Regenerative‐Medicine Applications - Ghasemzaie - 2026 - Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jbmb.70022 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanical behaviour of alginate film with embedded voids under compression-decompression cycles — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6744475/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

212. H1895 — Thermal microcycle pumping — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, small temperature cycles will alter trapped-gas topology before changing total gas volume.

Test: Image topology and gas volume during controlled thermal cycles.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Topology changes only alongside proportional gas-volume changes.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Enhancing and Tuning the Response of Environmentally Sensitive Hydrogels With Embedded and Interconnected Pore Networks | Macromolecules | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01411 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fast-responsive hydrogel as an injectable pump for rapid on-demand fluidic flow control - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5533479/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of solid deformability and cyclic injections on fluid trapping behavior in porous media - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgsce.2026.205878 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Elasticity-gated thermal plasticity via superheating-mediated nucleation and growth in polymer networks | Nature Communications — https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73606-y — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

213. H1896 — Pore-wall compliance — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, reversible wall deformation will increase dissolution-time variability near a deformation threshold.

Test: Measure wall motion and bubble lifetimes across pressures.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Variability is independent of measured wall deformation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Enhancing and Tuning the Response of Environmentally Sensitive Hydrogels With Embedded and Interconnected Pore Networks | Macromolecules | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01411 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Poroelastic swelling kinetics of thin hydrogel layers: comparison of theory and experiment - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2010/sm/c0sm00434k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore-Throat-Adaptive Transport and Flow-Redistribution Mechanisms of Deformable Hydrogel Particles in Tight Reservoirs of the Ordos Basin — https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/12/10/924 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Exploring the inverse poroelastic behavior of hydrogels: the roles of finite extensibility of polymer chains and unfolding of polymer domains - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509625004387 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

214. H1897 — Initial wetting direction — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, reversing initial wetting direction will change long-lived bubble locations.

Test: Compare registered networks and independently characterized wettability.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Locations follow fixed defects without a directional effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental evidence of the effect of solute concentration on the collective evolution of bubbles in a regular pore-network - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876223000771 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Penetration of a bubble through porous membranes with different wettabilities. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184354/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Penetration of a bubble through porous membranes with different wettabilities - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/sm/c9sm00754g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Penetration of a bubble through porous membranes with different wettabilities - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/sm/c9sm00754g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

215. H1898 — Gas-path reconnection — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, a brief low-pressure pulse will reconnect gas clusters and accelerate later removal.

Test: Image connectivity and removal after sham and real pulses.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Removal does not improve after pressure work is included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Mechanisms of mobilizing water-sealed residual gas via low-frequency pulsating waves - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995822626003730 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Pore‐Scale Determination of Residual Gas Remobilization and Critical Saturation in Geological CO<sub>2</sub> Storage: A Pore‐Network Modeling Approach - Moghadasi - 2023 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022WR033686 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A gas-plastic elastomer that quickly self-heals damage with the aid of CO2 gas - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6478687/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bubble dynamics inside an outgassing hydrogel confined in a Hele-Shaw cell. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627394/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

216. H1899 — Sparse vent positioning — porous transparent hydrogel network

Area: Porous-network gas dissolution

Hypothesis: For porous transparent hydrogel network, vents near high-connectivity nodes will remove more gas than vents near dead ends.

Test: Compare equal vent area and gas initial conditions.

Controls: Use water and air with matched gas saturation, temperature, initial trapped volume, wettability, pressure, and measured pore geometry.

Against: Gas removal is independent of node connectivity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Transparent characterized pore network, low-pressure water/air control, dissolved-gas measurement, and calibrated microscopy.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- A degassing plate with hydrophobic bubble capture and distributed venting for microfluidic devices - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/2/028 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Use of a porous membrane for gas bubble removal in microfluidic channels: physical mechanisms and design criteria - 63rd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics PostDeadline — https://meetings-archive.aps.org/dfd/2010/hp/1/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Air-permeable hydrogels through viscoelastic phase separation of aerogels | Nature — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10712-3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Air-permeable hydrogels through viscoelastic phase separation of aerogels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13345894/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

217. H1906 — Surface affinity gradient — PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture

Area: Aqueous polymer phase separation

Hypothesis: For PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture, a mild surface-affinity gradient will bias domain migration without bulk flow.

Test: Track domains and inert flow markers.

Controls: First verify a reversible two-phase region for the chosen grades; match phase fractions, polymer masses, temperature, ionic strength, and viscosity.

Against: Migration disappears after correcting for residual flow.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified reversible two-phase formulation, controlled mixing and temperature, microscopy, and independent phase-composition measurements.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Self-Consistent Field Analysis of Segregative Aqueous Dextran–Polyethylene Glycol Solutions: (2) Adsorption and Wetting | The Journal of Physical Chemistry B | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c04279 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Polymeric Aqueous Biphasic System Rehydration Facilitates High Throughput Cell Exclusion Patterning For Cell Migration Studies — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3601801/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Patchy surfaces stabilize dextran-polyethylene glycol aqueous two-phase system liquid patterns - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23581424/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Engineering motile aqueous phase-separated droplets via liposome stabilisation | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21832-x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

218. H1907 — Salt pulse topology — PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture

Area: Aqueous polymer phase separation

Hypothesis: For PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture, a small reversible salt pulse will alter connectivity before changing total phase fraction.

Test: Measure phase topology and compositions during pulse washout.

Controls: First verify a reversible two-phase region for the chosen grades; match phase fractions, polymer masses, temperature, ionic strength, and viscosity.

Against: Topology changes are proportional to phase-fraction changes only.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified reversible two-phase formulation, controlled mixing and temperature, microscopy, and independent phase-composition measurements.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Controlling phase separations and reactions in trapped microfluidic droplets - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11385582/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Aqueous two-phase systems of poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran — experimental results and modeling of thermodynamic properties - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037838129402626C — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Controlling phase separations and reactions in trapped microfluidic droplets | Scientific Reports — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-71586-x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The influence of electrostatic interactions on partition in aqueous polyethylene glycol/dextran biphasic systems: Part II - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18623399/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

219. H1908 — Droplet collision age — PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture

Area: Aqueous polymer phase separation

Hypothesis: For PEG-dextran aqueous two-phase mixture, older dispersed domains will merge more slowly at equal size because interfaces accumulate slow components.

Test: Measure collision and fusion while tracking interfacial composition.

Controls: First verify a reversible two-phase region for the chosen grades; match phase fractions, polymer masses, temperature, ionic strength, and viscosity.

Against: Fusion time is age-independent after viscosity is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Verified reversible two-phase formulation, controlled mixing and temperature, microscopy, and independent phase-composition measurements.

Screening score: 26 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Spontaneous Fusion of Aqueous Two‐Phase Droplets: Effect of Coexisting Phospholipids on Stability — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12703439/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Phase separation in evaporating all-aqueous sessile drops - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/sm/d2sm00613h — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Engineering motile aqueous phase-separated droplets via liposome stabilisation | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21832-x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Phase separation in evaporating all-aqueous sessile drops - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D2SM00613H — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/sm/d2sm00613h — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

220. H0032 — Swelling gradients could separate humidity from temperature signals

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: Two optically coupled polymer layers with different water uptake will produce a pair of spectral shifts that distinguishes humidity changes from temperature changes better than one layer.

Test: Independently sweep temperature and humidity, calibrate both resonances, and validate on held-out environmental cycles.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The two responses remain too similar to separate the variables within measurement noise.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Measurements of Temperature and Humidity Responsive Swelling of Thin Hydrogel Films by Interferometry in an Environmental Chamber - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9573520/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fabry–Pérot probing of humidity-responsive swelling kinetics in confined poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide) thin films - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924424726011349 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Applicability of Vapor-Deposited Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Thin Films in Ultrafast Humidity Sensors/Actuators - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7076731/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Optical Sensing of Humidity Using Polymer Top-Covered Bragg Stacks and Polymer/Metal Thin Film Structures — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6630599/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

221. H0042 — Pore-size gradients could slow salt blockage

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: An electrode with pores widening toward the electrolyte reservoir will tolerate more salt precipitation before losing half its ionic conductance than the reversed gradient.

Test: Cycle precipitation and dissolution in inert porous electrodes; match total porosity, surface chemistry, and salt inventory.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Orientation does not affect conductance retention or only changes initial conductance.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Electrolyte movement-induced salt inhomogeneity in lithium-ion batteries - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X26023133 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental diffusiophoresis of porous and non-porous silica particles in dead-end pore microchannel geometry - Lab on a Chip (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D5LC01020A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/lc/d5lc01020a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Experimental diffusiophoresis of porous and non-porous silica particles in dead-end pore microchannel geometry | Lab on a Chip | The Royal Society of Chemistry — https://doi.org/10.1039/D5LC01020A — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Numerical Simulation of Gradient Pore Structures in Anodes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis — https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/14/10/1580 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

222. H0050 — Salt mixtures could stabilize conductivity during drying

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: A gel containing two compatible salts with different water-binding tendencies will retain conductivity across partial drying better than either single-salt gel at equal initial ionic strength.

Test: Measure conductivity, water content, and crystallization during controlled humidity ramps; verify compatibility before cell testing.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The mixture provides no benefit at equal residual water content or crystallizes earlier.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental Determination of the Deliquescence Relative Humidity and Conductivity of Multicomponent Salt Mixtures | MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-online-proceedings-library-archive/article/abs/experimental-determination-of-the-deliquescence-relative-humidity-and-conductivity-of-multicomponent-salt-mixtures/CE6183ACCA262095AB1CD43387FAB26A — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Ionic conductive gels based on deep eutectic solvents — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19475411.2021.1972053 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Transparent Hydrogel-Ionic Conductor with High Water Retention and Self-Healing Ability — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/2/288 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Counterion-binding and related phenomena in sodium alginate-sodium chloride-water ternary systems: A conductometric study - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167732219350469 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

223. H0051 — Nutrient pulse spacing could alter microbial attachment

Area: F. Nonhuman microbiology and biophysics

Hypothesis: In a nonpathogenic bacterial model, widely spaced nutrient pulses will change the attached-to-free-cell ratio relative to frequent pulses delivering the same total nutrient mass.

Test: Use matched flow chambers and a characterized laboratory strain; count both populations and measure nutrient depletion and growth.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Attachment differences vanish after total biomass, flow, and nutrient exposure are matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effect of nutrient periodicity on microbial community dynamics - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672455/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microbial community dynamics in nutrient-pulsed chemostats | FEMS Microbiology Ecology | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/57/1/1/663039 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rapid chemotactic response enables marine bacteria to exploit ephemeral microscale nutrient patches - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18337491/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bacterial transport and colonization in low nutrient environments - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135496001819 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

224. H0054 — Flow reversals could alter extracellular polymer architecture

Area: F. Nonhuman microbiology and biophysics

Hypothesis: Periodic gentle flow reversal will produce a more directionally uniform extracellular polymer network in a nonpathogenic biofilm than unidirectional flow with equal cumulative shear exposure.

Test: Image polymer orientation and measure mechanical response in matched flow chambers; monitor biomass and nutrient delivery.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Network orientation remains unchanged or the effect is fully explained by biomass differences.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Activity pulses induce spontaneous flow reversals in viscoelastic environments — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8086915/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Heterogeneity-induced retraction in viscoelastic fluids following cessation of flow - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D4SM00203B — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sm/d4sm00203b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Activity pulses induce spontaneous flow reversals in viscoelastic environments. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33849330/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Periodic reversal of direction allows Myxobacteria to swarm - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2633568/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

225. H0058 — Drying rate could determine microbial matrix pore connectivity

Area: F. Nonhuman microbiology and biophysics

Hypothesis: Slowly drying a nonpathogenic microbial extracellular matrix will preserve more connected pores after rehydration than rapidly drying it to the same final water content.

Test: Use isolated matrices; compare tracer diffusion, imaging, and rehydration curves with matched sample thickness.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Connectivity is unchanged or differences disappear after complete rehydration.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071714004209 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances Amplify Water Content Variability at the Pore Scale — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00093/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Impact of spatially correlated pore‐scale heterogeneity on drying porous media - Borgman - 2017 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016WR020260 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

226. H0059 — Root exudate timing could shape mineral dissolution

Area: F. Nonhuman microbiology and biophysics

Hypothesis: Pulsed exposure to a defined mixture of plant-associated organic acids will dissolve a model mineral differently from constant exposure at the same total dose and time-averaged pH.

Test: Use a cell-free mineral flow system; measure dissolved ions, actual pH histories, and surface changes.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: A model using the measured pH and acid concentration histories fully explains the results without a surface-history effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Root exudates simultaneously form and disrupt soil organo-mineral associations | Communications Earth & Environment — https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01879-6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A pulse of simulated root exudation alters the composition and temporal dynamics of microbial metabolites in its immediate vicinity - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071723003218 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mineral reactivity determines root effects on soil organic carbon — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-40768-y.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Time course of exudation from excised corn root segments of different stages of development - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16657344/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

227. H0063 — Mycelial bridges could respond to gap humidity gradients

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: A nonpathogenic saprotrophic fungus will bridge a small air gap more reliably when humidity increases toward the destination than under uniform humidity with the same mean value.

Test: Image hyphal growth in contained chambers; match substrate nutrients, gap geometry, temperature, and airflow.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Bridging frequency does not depend on gradient orientation or follows airflow instead.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Redistribution of soil water by a saprotrophic fungus enhances carbon mineralization - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4664368/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Building bridges: mycelium-mediated plant-plant electrophysiological communication. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36384396/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Building bridges: mycelium–mediated plant–plant electrophysiological communication — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15592324.2022.2129291 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Building bridges: mycelium–mediated plant–plant electrophysiological communication — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15592324.2022.2129291 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

228. H0068 — Algal sinking could depend on nutrient fluctuation history

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: A nonpathogenic microalgal culture exposed to nutrient fluctuations will have a different sinking-speed distribution than a steady-fed culture at matched cell size and density.

Test: Use settling microscopy; measure cell shape, aggregation, medium viscosity, and nutrient histories in independent cultures.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Sinking distributions agree after size and aggregation are controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Cell size, density, and nutrient dependency of unicellular algal gravitational sinking velocities - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11225777/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Biophysical and molecular mechanisms responsible for phytoplankton sinking in response to starvation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12248146/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nitrogen availability affects the dynamics of Microcystis blooms by regulating the downward transport of biomass - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568988320300767 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Diverse biophysical and molecular mechanisms drive phytoplankton sinking in response to starvation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12668614/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

229. H0069 — Root mucilage could stabilize water films between grains

Area: G. Plant, fungal, and ecological physical processes

Hypothesis: A defined plant-mucilage preparation will preserve connected water films between mineral grains at lower water content than a viscosity-matched nonadsorbing polymer.

Test: Image drying grain packs and measure hydraulic conductance; match initial viscosity, grain size, and polymer concentration.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Film connectivity shows no advantage or is explained entirely by bulk viscosity.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Hydraulic processes in roots and the rhizosphere pertinent to increasing yield of water-limited grain crops: a critical review | Journal of Experimental Botany | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/69/13/3255/4996192 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Purification effects show seed and root mucilage's ability to respond to changing rhizosphere conditions - Diehl - 2023 - Biopolymers - Wiley Online Library — https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.23561 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Purification effects show seed and root mucilage&apos;s ability to respond to changing rhizosphere conditions - Diehl - 2023 - Biopolymers - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bip.23561 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mucilage facilitates root water uptake under edaphic stress: first evidence at the plant scale - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39475074/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

230. H0076 — Intermittent flow could change mineral armoring

Area: H. Minerals, sediment, and atmospheric processes

Hypothesis: Pauses in water flow over a dissolving mineral will promote a more continuous secondary-mineral coating than steady flow delivering the same total water volume.

Test: Use controlled flow cells; measure dissolution flux and coating coverage with matched temperature and inlet chemistry.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Coating and flux agree once actual residence-time distributions are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Olivine dissolution rates in wet CO₂ match or exceed aqueous rates - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2026.100682 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | The impact of water flow rate on the dynamic dissolution kinetics of fractured limestone formations — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1701477/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Characterization of limestone reacted with acid-mine drainage in a pulsed limestone bed treatment system at the Friendship Hill National Historical Site, Pennsylvania, USA — https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70024876 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dissolution-induced preferential flow in a limestone fracture. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15936847/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

231. H0107 — Gravity and crystal inclusion bands

Area: CRYSTALLIZATION AND MOLECULAR ASSEMBLY

Hypothesis: Reversing a growing crystal's orientation relative to gravity will reverse asymmetry in trapped liquid inclusions when solutal convection dominates incorporation.

Test: Grow oriented crystals in a transparent cell; map inclusions and measure flow with tracers.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Inclusion asymmetry fails to reverse despite a verified reversal of convective flow.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Effects of gravity on pattern formation in directional growth of ice crystals - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022024801018589 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics and morphology of superfluid bubbles in 4He quantum crystals. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447502/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dripping of a crystal. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17500906/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Equilibrium shape of 4He crystal under zero gravity below 200 mK — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4646829/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

232. H0109 — Oscillating supersaturation and facet recovery

Area: CRYSTALLIZATION AND MOLECULAR ASSEMBLY

Hypothesis: Small supersaturation oscillations that briefly dissolve protrusions will reduce crystal-surface roughness at equal net deposited mass.

Test: Track facets in a flow cell under oscillating and steady conditions; measure mass and topography.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Roughness remains unchanged or falls only because less material is deposited.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Cholesterol Crystallization Tests the Limits of Microscopic Reversibility for Molecular Pathways of Growth and Dissolution | ACS Central Science | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.5c02371 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Variation of crystal dissolution rate based on a dissolution stepwave model - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11264534/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Transient dissolution patterns on stressed crystal surfaces - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703704001188 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the origin of RHEED intensity oscillations - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022024889903424 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

233. H0127 — Surface pattern direction and particle rejection

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: Diagonal nonadhesive stripes on a filter surface will direct deposited particles toward channel edges more effectively than transverse stripes of equal coverage.

Test: Map deposition in a transparent crossflow cell with matched flow and stripe chemistry.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Particle redistribution does not follow stripe orientation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Separation of nanoparticles by flow past a patterned substrate | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.85.026314 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Correlation of membrane fouling with topography of patterned membranes for water treatment - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738815302210 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Full article: Experimental analysis of particle deposition in fibrous depth filters during gas cleaning using X-ray microscopy — https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2022.2132133 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Particle oscillation at corrugated membrane-water interface: An in-situ direct observation and implication to membrane fouling control - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586622023929 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

234. H0155 — Plant stomatal response and humidity ramp rate

Area: NONHUMAN ORGANISM PHYSIOLOGY

Hypothesis: A model plant will show greater stomatal aperture hysteresis during fast humidity ramps than slow ramps with the same endpoints and light.

Test: Image apertures while measuring leaf temperature, water status, and gas exchange.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Hysteresis is independent of ramp rate after leaf water status is controlled.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Rapid stomatal responses to humidity. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24275973/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A spatially explicit model of patchy stomatal responses to humidity - HAEFNER - 1997 - Plant, Cell & Environment - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-137.x/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Stomatal responses to humidity and temperature in darkness - MOTT - 2010 - Plant, Cell & Environment - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02129.x/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- «Peristomatal Transpiration» and Stomatal Movement: A Controversial View: II. Observation of Stomatal Movements under Different Conditions of Water Supply and Demand - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044328X79800902 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

235. H0156 — Diatom sinking and silica deposition timing

Area: NONHUMAN ORGANISM PHYSIOLOGY

Hypothesis: A nonpathogenic model diatom will alter sinking speed after short silica-availability pulses through shell changes that exceed effects from cell size alone.

Test: Measure shell deposition, size, buoyant density, and settling in independent cultures.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Settling differences are fully explained by size and aggregation.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Diatom populations in an upwelling environment decrease silica content to avoid growth limitation - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6242762/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Diatoms rapidly alter sinking behavior in response to changing nutrient concentrations - Du Clos - 2021 - Limnology and Oceanography - Wiley Online Library — https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11649 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- New Insights Into Processes Controlling the δ30Si of Sinking Diatoms: A Seasonally Resolved Box Model Approach - Closset - 2019 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GB006115 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Silicon Uptake in Diatoms Revisited: A Model for Saturable and Nonsaturable Uptake Kinetics and the Role of Silicon Transporters - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2259041/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

236. H0157 — Moss drying order and chlorophyll recovery

Area: NONHUMAN ORGANISM PHYSIOLOGY

Hypothesis: Gradual drying from the shoot tips toward the base will preserve photosynthetic recovery better than the reverse drying sequence at equal final water loss.

Test: Use controlled localized humidity and measure spatial water content and recovery.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery is sequence-independent after actual local drying exposure is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The desert moss Pterygoneurum lamellatum (Pottiaceae) exhibits an inducible ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance: effects of rate of drying on shoot damage and regeneration. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876454/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- American Journal of Botany — https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.1200648 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Desiccation Tolerance in the Moss Polytrichum formosum: Physiological and Fine-structural Changes during Desiccation and Recovery - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2802982/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Desiccation Tolerance in the Moss Polytrichum formosum: Physiological and Fine-structural Changes during Desiccation and Recovery | Annals of Botany | Oxford Academic — https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm098 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

237. H0159 — Bacterial chain length and flow alignment

Area: NONHUMAN ORGANISM PHYSIOLOGY

Hypothesis: In a nonpathogenic chain-forming bacterium, longer chains will align with weak flow at lower shear than shorter chains without requiring active motility.

Test: Measure chain length and orientation under calibrated shear; compare passive shape controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Alignment thresholds do not vary with length after shape and flexibility are included.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Shaving and breaking bacterial chains with a viscous flow. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32930313/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Shaving and breaking bacterial chains with a viscous flow - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/sm/d0sm00292e — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Induced sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis colony morphology to mechanical media compression - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4183962/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Morphogenesis of bacterial colonies in liquid crystalline environments - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13506060/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

238. H0171 — Droplet collision phase and coalescence

Area: FLUID DYNAMICS AND SOFT MATTER

Hypothesis: Droplets carrying synchronized shape oscillations will have phase-dependent coalescence probabilities at fixed impact speed and composition.

Test: Use high-speed imaging with controlled oscillation phase and matched air-film conditions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Coalescence probability is independent of phase after collision geometry is matched.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Physical Review A - Accepted Paper: Collision and coalescence dynamics of bosonic quantum Hall droplets — https://journals.aps.org/pra/accepted/10.1103/17z9-yxd5 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A wind tunnel study of the effects of collision processes on the shape and oscillation for moderate-size raindrops - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169809513002469 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of electrowetting induced capillary oscillations on coalescence of compound droplets - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979718306118 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigating raindrop shapes, oscillation modes, and implications for radio wave propagation - Thurai - 2014 - Radio Science - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RS005503 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

239. H0246 — Fungal cord junction angle and transport

Area: NONHUMAN BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Hypothesis: Acute-angle junctions in a nonpathogenic fungal network will transmit a nutrient tracer more asymmetrically than near-right-angle junctions at matched cord diameters.

Test: Map tracer transport and growth in patterned cultures; control source location and flow demand.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Transport asymmetry is independent of junction geometry.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Mechanisms of Differential Resource Uptake and Translocation in Agaricus bisporus — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12783971/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of 32P and 33P between wood blocks connected by mycelial cords of Hypholoma fasciculare - Lindahl - 2001 - New Phytologist - Wiley Online Library — https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00074.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanisms of Differential Resource Uptake and Translocation in Agaricus bisporus - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41508728/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Physiological Significance of Network Organization in Fungi - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3486018/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

240. H0247 — Bacterial surface tether length

Area: NONHUMAN BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Hypothesis: A longer flexible tether will increase rotational freedom of attached nonpathogenic bacteria under weak flow without proportionally increasing detachment.

Test: Use characterized laboratory strains or inert cell-shaped controls; measure tether length, motion, and retention.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Motion and detachment rise proportionally or tether length has no effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bacteria can rotate while body tethered to a solid surface - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006349525002395 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bacteria can rotate while body tethered to a solid surface - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12242427/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bacteria can rotate while body tethered to a solid surface. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40253587/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Weak rolling adhesion enhances bacterial surface colonization - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17189376/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

241. H0298 — Interrupted weighing and balance settling

Area: EXPERIMENTAL INFERENCE AND INSTRUMENT DESIGN

Hypothesis: A predefined schedule of brief unloading intervals will estimate slow balance zero drift more accurately than uninterrupted weighing during a long small-mass experiment.

Test: Use a stable mass plus controlled simulated mass changes; include handling and settling errors.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Total mass-change error is unchanged or increased.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- In Situ Validation Methodology for Weighing Methods Used in Preparing of Standardized Sources for Radionuclide Metrology — https://www.mdpi.com/1925718 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

242. H0362 — Condensate collision offset

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: Off-center collisions will shed condensate from tilted fibers more efficiently than central collisions.

Test: Use high-speed imaging of controlled droplet pairs.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Binary collision of CMAS droplets—Part II: Unequal-sized droplets | Journal of Materials Research | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-materials-research/article/binary-collision-of-cmas-dropletspart-ii-unequalsized-droplets/23F2D9A1842FF5CB9C8E260F1EC17B55/share/fae2a761462355ef459e0d30fbc651a6b7d5b667 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Settling and collision of spheroidal particles with an offset mass centre in a quiescent fluid | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/settling-and-collision-of-spheroidal-particles-with-an-offset-mass-centre-in-a-quiescent-fluid/0817E48D15FA789C6D1281593A736486 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Detailed numerical simulations of unequal sized off-centre binary droplet collisions - ScienceDirect — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103267 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Structure and properties of sheared fiber suspensions with mechanical contacts - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377025797000438 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

243. H0368 — Droplet footprint eccentricity

Area: Wetting and droplets

Hypothesis: Elongated footprints will enhance evaporation-rate sensitivity to airflow direction.

Test: Rotate patterned droplets relative to calibrated airflow.

Controls: Liquid composition, temperature, surface cleanliness, and droplet volume

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Computational and experimental investigations on the evaporation of single and multiple elongated droplets - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666821122000163 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- How Droplets Dry on Stretched Soft Substrates. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39871430/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics and universal scaling law in geometrically-controlled sessile drop evaporation | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14783 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- How Droplets Dry on Stretched Soft Substrates | ACS Nano | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c15724 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

244. H0435 — Droplet coalescence heat pulses

Area: Evaporation and condensation

Hypothesis: Local temperature pulses following coalescence will measurably delay nearby condensation.

Test: Synchronize thermal imaging and droplet microscopy.

Controls: Humidity, pressure, airflow, surface temperature, and liquid purity

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 25 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Coalescence delay mediated by the gas layer during the impact of hot droplets - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931023000200 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thermal delay of drop coalescence — https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CB55985D6ADC2251BA5EA94C8021C18F/S0022112017006863a_hi.pdf/thermal-delay-of-drop-coalescence.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Thermal delay of drop coalescence | Journal of Fluid Mechanics | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/thermal-delay-of-drop-coalescence/CB55985D6ADC2251BA5EA94C8021C18F — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- J. Fluid Mech. (2017), vol. 833, R3, doi:10.1017/jfm.2017.686 — https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CB55985D6ADC2251BA5EA94C8021C18F/S0022112017006863a.pdf/thermal_delay_of_drop_coalescence.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

245. H0001 — Patch spacing could tune droplet freezing variability

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: At fixed hydrophilic surface fraction, an intermediate spacing of hydrophilic patches on a hydrophobic surface will narrow the distribution of droplet freezing temperatures more than either finer or coarser spacing.

Test: Freeze equal-volume purified-water droplets on three patterned surfaces and a uniform control through repeated cooling cycles. Match roughness, contamination, and cooling rate; measure individual freezing temperatures.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Distribution widths show no reproducible intermediate minimum after accounting for measurement uncertainty.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Characterization of droplet freezing on superhydrophobic surfaces with different microstructures - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778824012258 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Characterization of droplet freezing on superhydrophobic surfaces with different microstructures - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378778824012258 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns — https://www.nature.com/articles/srep19131.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Freezing-induced wetting transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10185467/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

246. H0005 — Dissolved gas could change the recovery of liquid slip

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: Following pressure-driven collapse of gas pockets on a textured hydrophobic surface, water with more dissolved gas will recover apparent slip faster during depressurization.

Test: Compare degassed and gas-equilibrated water in identical transparent channels; measure gas-pocket area and flow resistance before and after pressure cycles.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Recovery time is independent of dissolved gas or resistance changes occur without pocket recovery.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dilatancy-induced fluid pressure drop during dynamic rupture: Direct experimental evidence and consequences for earthquake dynamics - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X20301229 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamic air/liquid pockets for guiding microscale flow | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03194-z — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Changes in Physical Properties of the Nankai Trough Megasplay Fault Induced by Earthquakes, Detected by Continuous Pressure Monitoring - Kinoshita - 2018 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017JB014924 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Changes in Physical Properties of the Nankai Trough Megasplay Fault Induced by Earthquakes, Detected by Continuous Pressure Monitoring - Kinoshita - 2018 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JB014924 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

247. H0006 — Soft pore walls could broaden capillary filling times

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: Soft channels with identical initial dimensions will show a broader distribution of filling times than rigid channels because local wall deformation amplifies small pressure differences.

Test: Track capillary fronts in replicated soft and rigid channels; directly measure deformation and match contact angle and liquid viscosity.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Variability is unchanged after fabrication variability is accounted for, or no deformation accompanies it.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- An experimental study on the rate and mechanism of capillary rise in sandstone | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40645-016-0086-5 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary rise of water in hydrophilic nanopores - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19658631/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Capillary filling in microchannels patterned by posts. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20365075/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Stick–slip motion and controlled filling speed by the geometric design of soft micro-channels - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021979718303266 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

248. H0010 — Compliant membranes could delay frost bridging

Area: A. Water, interfaces, and confined liquids

Hypothesis: Small reversible membrane deflections between frost-growth intervals will delay neighboring frost crystals from bridging compared with a stationary membrane at the same surface temperature.

Test: Image frost on actuated and stationary membranes with matched texture, humidity, and thermal history; measure time to a connected frost network.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Bridging times are unchanged or any delay is explained by actuator heating.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The mechanisms of frost formation on a semipermeable membrane - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931021010176 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An analytical model for predicting frosting limit in membranes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700718304882 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frosting on porous membranes in energy exchangers — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12289186/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26796663/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

249. H0031 — Controlled disorder could widen an optical absorption band

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: Small correlated variations in resonator spacing will broaden a thin optical absorber's useful band without reducing integrated absorption as much as equally strong uncorrelated disorder.

Test: Compare correlated, random, and periodic patterned samples by angle-resolved spectroscopy, using matched material volume.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Correlated disorder offers no reproducible bandwidth–absorption advantage.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Influence of geometric disorder on the band structure of a photonic crystal: Experiment and theory | Phys. Rev. B — https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.205434 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of disorder on the band structure of a photonic crystal - 2006 APS March Meeting PostDeadline — https://meetings-archive.aps.org/mar/2006/v35/8/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Received 19 Dec 20 — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4808.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cavity linewidth narrowing and broadening due to competing linear and nonlinear dispersions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975617/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

250. H0037 — Spectral fluctuations could detect single-pore blockage

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: Partial blockage of a fluid-filled optical porous film will alter resonance fluctuation times before it produces a resolvable average wavelength shift.

Test: Introduce inert blocking particles at low concentrations; compare spectral time series with microscopy of occupied pores and flow-only controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Fluctuation changes do not precede average shifts or occur equally without blockage.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Experimental investigation of clogging dynamics in homogeneous porous medium - Shen - 2017 - Water Resources Research - Wiley Online Library — https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016wr019421 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- In Situ Visualization of Membrane Fouling Evolution during Ultrafiltration Using Label-Free Hyperspectral Light Sheet Fluorescence Imaging. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36869003/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Study of flow rate induced measurement error in flow-through nano-hole plasmonic sensor - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4662672/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Characterization of Porous Materials by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Super-resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10706734/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

251. H0039 — An optical cavity could amplify reversible solvent swelling

Area: D. Light and optical sensing

Hypothesis: Placing a solvent-responsive thin film at an optical cavity field maximum will improve detectable concentration changes relative to an equal film outside the cavity, despite added cavity drift.

Test: Compare calibrated vapor exposures using cavity, bare-film, and nonresponsive-reference sensors; include drift in detection-limit estimates.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: The cavity offers no improvement in the measured detection limit after noise and drift are counted.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fabry–Pérot probing of humidity-responsive swelling kinetics in confined poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide) thin films - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924424726011349 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Solvent exchange creates transient memory with regulatable lifespan - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542529323003395 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An optical waveguide study on the nanopore formation in block copolymer/homopolymer thin films by selective solvent swelling. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884258/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Thin Films Swollen-Rich in Solvent Vapors - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10145245/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

252. H0047 — Substrate texture could narrow metal-deposition variability

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: An array of shallow identical pits will reduce spatial variation in initial metal nucleation density relative to a flat substrate at equal overpotential.

Test: Use a controlled benign metal-deposition model, image early nuclei, and match surface chemistry and electrochemically active area.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Nucleation remains equally variable or concentrates unpredictably at defects outside the pits.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Selective seed layer patterning of PVD metal stacks by electrochemical screen printing for solar cell applications - Gensowski - 2020 - Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pip.3206 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Differential deposition for producing microstructure - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141635918300369 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Laser-resistance sensitivity to substrate pit size of multilayer coatings - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4890428/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface topography evolution through production of aluminium offset lithographic plates - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810003959 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

253. H0049 — Redox cycling could distinguish accessible from trapped pores

Area: E. Electrochemistry and ionic systems

Hypothesis: The frequency dependence of a reversible redox probe response will estimate connected pore volume more accurately than total liquid uptake in a porous carbon.

Test: Compare electrochemical frequency responses with tracer exchange and three-dimensional pore imaging across samples with known dead-end pores.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Estimated connected volume fails independent validation or depends mainly on uncontrolled surface chemistry.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Sensing with nanopores – the influence of asymmetric blocking on electrochemical redox cycling current - Analyst (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C4AN01401D — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/an/c4an01401d — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Redox cycling in nanoporous electrochemical devices - Nanoscale (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C3NR03818A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/nr/c3nr03818a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Selective and Controllable Trapping of Single Proteins in Nanopores Using Reversible Covalent Bonds - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12810480/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Polarization contrast neutron imaging enables operando visualization of iron plating in redox flow batteries | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74808-0 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

254. H0071 — Mineral mixtures could alter ice-nucleation repeatability

Area: H. Minerals, sediment, and atmospheric processes

Hypothesis: Combining two mineral particle types will change cycle-to-cycle freezing variability more than predicted from independent nucleation by each type.

Test: Freeze droplets containing individual minerals and mixtures at matched total surface area; monitor aggregation and repeat with fresh particles.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Independent-site predictions explain mixture behavior within uncertainty.

Resources: equipped laboratory or instrumented workshop. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Full article: Microfluidic enabled ice nucleation studies of montmorillonite clay at varying pH and ionic strengths with refreezing and relative humidity cycling — https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02786826.2024.2371412 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- EGUsphere - Deciphering the effect of mixing state on ice nucleation using single particle measurements and probabilistic simulations of mixed dust-biological ice nucleating particles — https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3882 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Short-term exposure to ammonium sulfate modifies ice nucleation by alpha-alumina but not organic monolayers or microplastics — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13383377/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Short-term exposure to ammonium sulfate modifies ice nucleation by alpha-alumina but not organic monolayers or microplastics. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42518686/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

255. H0094 — Frequency scheduling could improve impedance stability

Area: J. Measurement and experimental technology

Hypothesis: Interleaving low- and high-frequency impedance measurements will reduce bias from slow sample drift compared with a monotonic frequency sweep of equal duration.

Test: Measure a deliberately drifting reference circuit and a stable electrochemical model; compare fitted parameters with continuously monitored references.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Interleaving gives no accuracy gain or introduces greater settling artifacts.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Basics of broadband impedance spectroscopy measurements using periodic excitations - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/10/105501 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the design of multisine signals for maintaining stability condition in impedance spectroscopy measurements of batteries - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X22022563 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the use of drift correction for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468623001469 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation to Minimize Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Drift - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33777309/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

256. H0116 — Grain-boundary passivation and humidity response

Area: MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Hypothesis: Selective passivation of grain boundaries in an oxide film will reduce humidity-induced conductance drift more than uniform partial passivation at equal coating mass.

Test: Compare conductance, water uptake, and boundary coverage in matched films.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Selective treatment has no advantage after total water uptake is considered.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Atomistic mechanisms of water vapor–induced surface passivation - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10619940/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Humidity Sensing Ceria Thin-Films — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8840404/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Degradation of the surface passivation of plasma‐assisted ALD Al2O3 under damp‐heat exposure - Liang - 2015 - physica status solidi (a) - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pssa.201431256 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- SiO2 passivation film effects on YBCO junctions - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921453498003566 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

257. H0124 — Hydrogel charge spacing and ion partitioning

Area: MEMBRANES, SEPARATION, AND TRANSPORT

Hypothesis: At equal fixed-charge density, clustering charged groups in a hydrogel will change partitioning of divalent relative to monovalent ions.

Test: Measure equilibrium ion concentrations with matched swelling and ionic strength; characterize charge distribution.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Partition ratios agree after water content and total charge are matched.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Ion Partition in Polyelectrolyte Gels and Nanogels — https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/11/881 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effects of initial-fixed charge density on pH-sensitive hydrogels subjected to coupled pH and electric field stimuli: a meshless analysis. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408319/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Transient analysis of the effect of the initial fixed charge density on the kinetic characteristics of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel by a multi-effect-coupling model. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21058012/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Influence of fixed charge concentration and water uptake on ion sorption in AMPS/PEGDA membranes - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738821011121 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

258. H0178 — Vortex pairs and polymer stretching

Area: FLUID DYNAMICS AND SOFT MATTER

Hypothesis: Two counter-rotating vortices will produce greater polymer-chain extension near their shared boundary than a single vortex at matched maximum shear rate.

Test: Use dilute fluorescent model polymers and flow imaging; control residence-time distributions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Extension differences disappear after local strain history is matched.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Vortex pairs in viscoelastic Couette-Taylor flow. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11497748/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Interaction of a vortex pair with a polymeric fluid layer | Phys. Rev. Fluids — https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/qbb2-g6p6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of hairpin vortices and polymer-induced turbulent drag reduction. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18517960/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of a long chain in turbulent flows: impact of vortices - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7333946/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

259. H0189 — Transparent conductor cracks and optical warning

Area: OPTOMECHANICS, SOUND, AND FUNCTIONAL SURFACES

Hypothesis: A patterned transparent conductor will show a polarization-dependent scattering increase before its electrical resistance rises substantially during bending fatigue.

Test: Track scattering, resistance, and crack images; use calibrated temperature and strain controls.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Optical changes do not precede electrical changes or originate from substrate deformation alone.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Failure Mechanism of Flexible Transparent Conductor Materials under High Current | ACS Applied Electronic Materials | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsaelm.5c01088 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Role of light intensification by cracks in optical breakdown on surfaces — https://opg.optica.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-18-10-2607 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Wet‐Processable Transparent Conductive Materials - Spaid - 2012 - Information Display - Wiley Online Library — https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/j.2637-496X.2012.tb00458.x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An antireflection transparent conductor with ultralow optical loss (<2 %) and electrical resistance (<6 Ω sq−1) | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13771 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

260. H0307 — Shear alignment persistence

Area: Polymer processing

Hypothesis: Confined polymer melt films will retain shear-induced orientation longer than bulk samples after flow stops.

Test: Track birefringence relaxation across film thicknesses.

Controls: Composition, temperature, specimen dimensions, and processing history

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Role of shear history in orientation memory of isotactic polypropylene - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032386125007438 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Anomalously High Orientation of Annealed Isotactic Polybutene‐1 via the Melt‐Memory Effect - Xu - 2026 - Advanced Engineering Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.202502743 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Anomalously High Orientation of Annealed Isotactic Polybutene‐1 via the Melt‐Memory Effect - Xu - 2026 - Advanced Engineering Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adem.202502743 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Transitory response of confined polymer films subjected to oscillatory shear. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15634100/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

261. H0323 — Grain-boundary oxidation depth

Area: Metal microstructures

Hypothesis: Curved grain boundaries will show greater oxidation-depth variability than straight boundaries in matched metal films.

Test: Map boundary curvature and oxide penetration after controlled exposure.

Controls: Alloy composition, grain size, loading, and temperature

Against: The stated directional prediction is absent or reversed in independent preparations after the listed controls are matched; reject it within the tested range if confidence intervals exclude the predefined minimum effect.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 24 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Grain boundary energy affected initial oxidation on Ni-based superalloy revealed by in situ environmental TEM | npj Materials Degradation — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-025-00705-4 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- ARTICLE IN PRESS — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-025-00705-4_reference.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Grain boundary energy affected initial oxidation on Ni-based superalloy revealed by in situ environmental TEM — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-025-00705-4.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Grain boundary oxidation of proton-irradiated nuclear grade stainless steel in simulated primary water of pressurized water reactor — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7809272/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

262. H0269 — Mineral pair contacts and redox gradients

Area: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERAL INTERFACES

Hypothesis: Contacts between two chemically distinct benign minerals will sustain sharper local redox gradients than isolated grains at equal exposed surface area.

Test: Map electrochemical potential and dissolved species in controlled oxygen conditions.

Controls: Match composition, geometry, temperature, actual energy or material exposure, and measurement sensitivity; include the controls specified in the original test.

Against: Gradients are explained by each mineral independently without a contact effect.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Apparatus must be specified from the proposed test and checked against available facilities; no equipment inventory has been supplied.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Transformation of vivianite by anaerobic nitrate-reducing iron-oxidizing bacteria. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19573166/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Crustal faulting drives biological redox cycling in the deep subsurface - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12273762/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electron Transfer between Electrically Conductive Minerals and Quinones - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752088/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microbial chemolithotrophy mediates oxidative weathering of granitic bedrock - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6936594/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

263. H0506 — Humidity pre-equilibration — porous silica-bound oxygen-sensitive dye

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For porous silica-bound oxygen-sensitive dye, slow humidity pre-equilibration will reduce oxygen-calibration hysteresis relative to abrupt conditioning.

Test: Measure oxygen response after matched final humidity reached by different paths.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Oxygen hysteresis is independent of conditioning path.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9457172/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36079412/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Investigation of the Kinetics of Hysteresis Effects in Silica Gel — https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/17/6031 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Nonporous Inorganic Nanoparticle-Based Humidity Sensor: Evaluation of Humidity Hysteresis and Response Time - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7411755/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

264. H0543 — Lateral reference proximity — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, a nearby oxygen-insensitive reference patch will correct illumination drift better than a remote reference.

Test: Introduce controlled light gradients and compare recovered oxygen against an independent probe.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Nearby referencing does not reduce oxygen-estimation error.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fabrication and performance evaluation of highly sensitive hybrid sol-gel-derived oxygen sensor films based on a fluorinated precursor. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20433969/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tailoring of Sol−Gel Films for Optical Sensing of Oxygen in Gas and Aqueous Phase | Analytical Chemistry | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac970461b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Ratiometric fiber-optic oxygen sensors based on sol–gel matrix doped with metalloporphyrin and 7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400508004218 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

265. H0544 — Porosity gradient direction — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, increasing porosity toward the gas-facing surface will reduce response-time dispersion compared with the reversed gradient.

Test: Prepare reversed gradients and measure lifetime response maps after gas steps.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Response-time dispersion does not depend on gradient direction.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Gas barrier film with a compositional gradient interface prepared by plasma modification of an organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel coat. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19594182/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Designing Superlubricious Hydrogels from Spontaneous Peroxidation Gradients - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10510045/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Porous matrix materials in optical sensing of gaseous oxygen — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9142480/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Porous matrix materials in optical sensing of gaseous oxygen | Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-022-04014-6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

266. H0545 — Excitation spot travel — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, moving the excitation spot will preserve calibration longer than stationary excitation at equal total absorbed energy.

Test: Compare spatial bleaching and repeated gas calibrations under stationary and scanned illumination.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Calibration lifetime is no longer after accounting for local photon dose.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Tailoring of sol-gel films for optical sensing of oxygen in gas and aqueous phase - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21644598/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fabrication and performance evaluation of highly sensitive hybrid sol-gel-derived oxygen sensor films based on a fluorinated precursor. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20433969/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tailoring of Sol−Gel Films for Optical Sensing of Oxygen in Gas and Aqueous Phase | Analytical Chemistry | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac970461b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Sol-gel-derived sensor materials that yield linear calibration plots, high sensitivity, and long-term stability - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12918984/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

267. H0547 — Temperature pulse diagnosis — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, a small reversible temperature pulse will distinguish dye loss from reduced oxygen permeability.

Test: Create independently verified dye-loss and permeability-change samples and compare transient signatures.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Signatures fail to identify the two changes on blinded samples.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fabrication and performance evaluation of highly sensitive hybrid sol-gel-derived oxygen sensor films based on a fluorinated precursor. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20433969/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Achieving Smart Photochromics Using Water-Processable, High-Contrast, Oxygen-Sensing, and Photoactuating Thiazolothiazole-Embedded Polymer Films | ACS Applied Optical Materials | ACS Publications — https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaom.4c00014 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An O2 smart plastic film for packaging - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22076639/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Biocompatibility and Reduced Drug Absorption of Sol-Gel-Treated PDMS for Microfluidic Cell Culture Applications - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3032040/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

268. H0548 — Edge sealing tradeoff — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, edge sealing will reduce spatial calibration variation while lengthening recovery disproportionately near the center.

Test: Map response before and after edge sealing with a gas-permeable central face.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Spatial variation or recovery lacks the predicted position-dependent change.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- On the relation between the spatial dose integrity and the temporal instability of polymer gel dosimeters - IOPscience — https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/49/19/005 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On the relation between the spatial dose integrity and the temporal instability of polymer gel dosimeters. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15552414/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Edge sealing for low cost stability enhancement of roll-to-roll processed flexible polymer solar cell modules - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024811005654 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Xerogel Optical Sensor Films for Quantitative Detection of Nitroxyl - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3561769/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

269. H0549 — Host relaxation hold — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, an unloaded rest after mild flexing will restore part of the oxygen response without restoring bleached intensity.

Test: Measure lifetime calibration and intensity during mechanical recovery.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Response recovery tracks intensity recovery alone or does not occur.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fabrication and performance evaluation of highly sensitive hybrid sol-gel-derived oxygen sensor films based on a fluorinated precursor. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20433969/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tailoring of Sol−Gel Films for Optical Sensing of Oxygen in Gas and Aqueous Phase | Analytical Chemistry | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac970461b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A hydrogel system for stimulus-responsive, oxygen-sensitive in situ gelation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318799/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Wrinkling of a sol-gel-derived thin film | Phys. Rev. E — https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.71.011604 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

270. H0550 — Depth-resolved calibration — sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film

Area: Luminescent oxygen-sensing films

Hypothesis: For sol-gel oxygen-sensitive film, calibrating emission from two optical depths will detect diffusion limitation earlier than bulk intensity alone.

Test: Vary gas-step speed and compare depth-resolved signals with independent oxygen transport measurements.

Controls: Dye identity and loading, oxygen partial pressure, humidity, absorbed light, and actual film temperature. Use a dye independently established to be oxygen-sensitive and compatible with each host.

Against: Depth-resolved measurements provide no earlier reliable diffusion warning.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Controlled oxygen/humidity supply, compatible sensing films, calibrated optical excitation and lifetime or spectral readout.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Variation in diffusion of gases through PDMS due to plasma surface treatment and storage conditions - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3945670/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Sol–gel-immobilised terbium complexes for luminescent sensing of dissolved oxygen by analysis of emission decay - New Journal of Chemistry (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2002/nj/b110743g — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tailoring of sol-gel films for optical sensing of oxygen in gas and aqueous phase - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21644598/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tailoring of Sol−Gel Films for Optical Sensing of Oxygen in Gas and Aqueous Phase | Analytical Chemistry | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac970461b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

271. H0902 — Twist before bending — large-core silica optical fiber

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For large-core silica optical fiber, pre-twist will change bending-loss hysteresis more than straight-guide attenuation.

Test: Measure loss during bend cycles at several pre-twists.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Hysteresis changes are absent or track baseline attenuation alone.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bend loss in large core multimode optical fiber beam delivery systems — https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.000321 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bend loss in large core multimode optical fiber beam delivery systems. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20581985/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bend loss in large core multimode optical fiber beam delivery systems — https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-30-3-321 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Birefringence induced by bends and twists in single-mode optical fiber — https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-19-15-2606 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

272. H0903 — Clamp edge compliance — large-core silica optical fiber

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For large-core silica optical fiber, soft clamp edges will reduce irreversible optical loss after repeated handling.

Test: Measure transmission and local strain through clamping cycles.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Loss accumulation is unchanged after clamp pressure is matched.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bend loss in large core multimode optical fiber beam delivery systems. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20581985/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Bend loss in large core multimode optical fiber beam delivery systems — https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-30-3-321 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The Dimensional Stability of Adhesives, Zirconia, and Silica in Optical Connector Ferrules and their Impact on Optical Performance | MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) | Cambridge Core — https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mrs-online-proceedings-library-archive/article/abs/dimensional-stability-of-adhesives-zirconia-and-silica-in-optical-connector-ferrules-and-their-impact-on-optical-performance/883EB78FD13FB5D8A7F11D1C142CAE13 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

273. H0905 — Coating swelling delay — large-core silica optical fiber

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For large-core silica optical fiber, a swelling outer coating will produce delayed attenuation after humidity changes.

Test: Measure coating dimensions, humidity, and transmission transients.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Attenuation follows immediate optical temperature shifts rather than swelling.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Diffusion of Moisture Through Optical Fiber Coatings — https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-19-7-988 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Distributed humidity sensing via optical fibers with specialty acrylate coatings - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068520026000398 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fabrication of Optical Fibers with Multiple Coatings for Swelling-Based Chemical Sensing - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8400377/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

274. H0951 — Bend spacing resonance — hydrogel optical waveguide

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For hydrogel optical waveguide, periodic small bends will produce sharper wavelength-dependent losses than randomly spaced bends of equal curvature distribution.

Test: Measure transmission spectra across controlled bend patterns.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Loss spectra are no sharper after launch variability is controlled.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bend losses in flexible polyurethane antiresonant terahertz waveguides. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614994/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Novel elastomeric spiropyran-doped poly(dimethylsiloxane) optical waveguide for UV sensing - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11250767/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Measurement of resonant bend loss in anti-resonant hollow core optical fiber. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29041739/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Analysis of silicon nitride partial Euler waveguide bends - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31684374/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

275. H0954 — Thermal gradient direction — hydrogel optical waveguide

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For hydrogel optical waveguide, reversing a lateral thermal gradient will reverse the dominant output-pattern distortion.

Test: Record output fields while reversing independently mapped temperature gradients.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Distortion does not reverse with the gradient.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Analysis of optical gradient profiles during temperature- and salt-dependent swelling of thin responsive hydrogel films. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504000/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Analysis of Optical Gradient Profiles during Temperature- and Salt-Dependent Swelling of Thin Responsive Hydrogel Films | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la101185q — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dual-gradient enabled ultrafast biomimetic snapping of hydrogel materials - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6474766/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Temperature-adaptive hydrogel optical waveguide with soft tissue-affinity for thermal regulated interventional photomedicine - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9758120/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

276. H0958 — Input diffuser stability — hydrogel optical waveguide

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For hydrogel optical waveguide, a weak input diffuser will reduce handling-induced intensity variation at a cost in mean throughput.

Test: Measure transmission statistics during controlled connector motion.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Variability does not decrease or is explained solely by lower received light.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Fabrication of a Monolithic Lab-on-a-Chip Platform with Integrated Hydrogel Waveguides for Chemical Sensing — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6806100/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Propagation Losses Estimation in a Cationic-Network-Based Hydrogel Waveguide - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9787014/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Glucose Sensing with Phenylboronic Acid Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Optical Diffusers | ACS Nano | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.7b07082 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Integrated 3D Hydrogel Waveguide Out-Coupler by Step-and-Repeat Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography: A Promising Sensor Device for Water and pH — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6210174/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

277. H0959 — Axial preload window — hydrogel optical waveguide

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For hydrogel optical waveguide, moderate axial preload will minimize vibration-induced transmission noise.

Test: Sweep preload while recording motion and optical noise.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: No reproducible noise minimum remains after vibration amplitude is included.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Tunable network architecture in a hydrogel with extreme vibration damping properties - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12254035/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- pH Measurements Using Leaky Waveguides with Synthetic Hydrogel Films — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11857623/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Varifocal optical lens using ultrasonic vibration and thixotropic gel. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34241470/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Tunable network architecture in a hydrogel with extreme vibration damping properties — https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-025-00857-5.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

278. H0960 — Distributed support spacing — hydrogel optical waveguide

Area: Optical fibers and flexible waveguides

Hypothesis: For hydrogel optical waveguide, graded support spacing will suppress narrow mechanical noise peaks more than uniform support spacing.

Test: Measure vibration spectra and optical intensity at equal support count.

Controls: Wavelength, launch conditions, length, temperature, initial attenuation, and actual bend geometry. Verify optical guidance in each specimen before testing.

Against: Peak optical noise is not reduced within the specified frequency range.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified waveguides, stable optical source, power meter or camera, mechanical fixtures, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Crosstalk reduction for Arrayed waveguide gratings on Silicon-on-Insulator platform - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399224002755 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9247983/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Propagation Losses Estimation in a Cationic-Network-Based Hydrogel Waveguide - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9787014/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Femtosecond Laser Densification of Hydrogels to Generate Customized Volume Diffractive Gratings | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/aamick/article/14/25/29377/1726534/Femtosecond-Laser-Densification-of-Hydrogels-to — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

279. H1202 — Crosswise field pulses — iron-microparticle silicone-oil suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For iron-microparticle silicone-oil suspension, brief crosswise field pulses will accelerate breakup of flow-aligned chains.

Test: Image chains and measure stress recovery at equal field energy.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Breakup and recovery are no faster than without crosswise pulses.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Formation of printable granular and colloidal chains through capillary effects and dielectrophoresis | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15255 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Electric Field-Driven Assembly of Sulfonated Polystyrene Microspheres — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5507009/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Multi-scale kinetics of a field-directed colloidal phase transition - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3479562/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Particle-covered drops in electric fields: drop deformation and surface particle organization - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C8SM00915E — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/sm/c8sm00915e — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

280. H1261 — Field ramp order — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, a slow field increase followed by rapid decrease will leave more residual structure than the reversed ramp order.

Test: Measure rheology and particle structure after matched field exposure.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Residual structure is independent of ramp order.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Temperature sensitive hydrogels cross-linked by magnetic LAPONITE® RD®: effects of particle magnetization - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2633540923001573 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Colloidal magnetic gels for the decontamination of limited access metallic surfaces - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186424001640 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Magnetic fields induce exclusion zones in water | PLOS One — https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0268747 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Magnetic Stiffening in 3D Cell Culture Matrices | Nano Letters | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00371 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

281. H1263 — Wall magnetic roughness — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, weakly patterned magnetic walls will reduce shear localization relative to uniform walls.

Test: Map velocity profiles and local particle concentration.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Localization is unchanged after wall slip is accounted for.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- When a crack is oriented by a magnetic field | Phys. Rev. E — https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.021402 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Mechanical properties of magnetic gels containing rod-like composite particles - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6460065/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530833/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Shear banding and yield stress in soft glassy materials | Phys. Rev. E — https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.041507 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

282. H1264 — Chain age and yielding — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, longer field-rest periods will broaden the distribution of initial yielding events.

Test: Record stress fluctuations after controlled structure-building times.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Yield-event distributions do not broaden with structure age.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Study on viscosity time-varying law and microscopic chain forming mechanism of Fe3O4 magnetic slurry | PLOS One — https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0354348 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Engineering Layered Magnetic Hydrogels for Cell Placement via Shear and Magnetic Field‐Induced Assembly - Camacho - 2026 - Advanced Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.73847 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A pure magnetite hydrogel: synthesis, properties and possible applications — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/sm/c7sm01702b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dipolar interactions among magnetic dipoles of iron oxide particles dispersed in mili-size hydrogel beads - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304885320303498 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

283. H1265 — Sedimentation field rotation — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, slow field rotation will reduce long-term concentration gradients without vigorous bulk mixing.

Test: Measure vertical concentration and mechanical power.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Gradients persist or apparent gains require substantial bulk stirring.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Magnetic field-enhanced sedimentation of nanopowder magnetite in water flow - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25650300/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530833/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Magnetic Sedimentation Velocities and Equilibria in Dilute Aqueous Ferrofluids - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7497405/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Aggregation and sedimentation of magnetite nanoparticle clusters - Environmental Science: Nano (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C5EN00155B — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2016/en/c5en00155b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

284. H1266 — Oscillatory shear phase — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, synchronizing field maxima with low shear will increase cycle-averaged stiffness per field exposure.

Test: Measure viscoelastic response across field-shear phase offsets.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: No phase-dependent stiffness advantage is reproducible.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Role of particle clusters on the rheology of magneto-polymer fluids and gels - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7202761/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rheology of magnetic colloids containing clusters of particle platelets and polymer nanofibres - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7202764/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rheology of magnetic colloids containing clusters of particle platelets and polymer nanofibres | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A | The Royal Society — https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0255 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rheological properties of a model colloidal suspension under large electric fields of different waveforms - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377025707000353 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

285. H1267 — Field-free recovery geometry — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, wider gaps will recover baseline viscosity more slowly after field removal.

Test: Compare rheology and chain breakup across gap widths.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Recovery is gap-independent after wall effects are measured.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530833/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Conformance Control in Oil Reservoirs by Citric Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8028153/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Magnetic field response of aqueous hydroxyapatite based magnetic suspensions — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6465587/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A pure magnetite hydrogel: synthesis, properties and possible applications — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/sm/c7sm01702b — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

286. H1268 — Particle softness coupling — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, adding a small compatible soft-particle fraction will reduce brittle chain-collapse events.

Test: Measure stress drops and structural rearrangements.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Collapse statistics do not change at matched overall solid fraction.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Mechanical properties of magnetic gels containing rod-like composite particles - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6460065/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The glass and jamming transitions of soft polyelectrolyte microgel suspensions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26984383/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The glass and jamming transitions of soft polyelectrolyte microgel suspensions - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2016/sm/c5sm03001c — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Temperature sensitive hydrogels cross-linked by magnetic LAPONITE® RD®: effects of particle magnetization - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2633540923001573 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

287. H1269 — Magnetic gradient placement — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, placing a weak field gradient near the outlet will increase concentration fluctuations more than near the inlet.

Test: Map concentration under reversed gradient placement.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: Placement effects vanish after total particle retention is matched.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Multiphysics model for designing magnetic bead collection processes on centrifugal microfluidic platforms - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2046206926004948 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754392/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530833/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Remote Positioning of Spherical Alginate Ferrogels in a Fluid Flow by a Magnetic Field: Experimental and Computer Simulation — https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/9/711 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

288. H1270 — Small-signal structural probe — magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension

Area: Magnetic-particle rheology

Hypothesis: For magnetite hydrogel-bead suspension, low-amplitude rheological probing will identify residual chains before mean viscosity changes significantly.

Test: Compare probe response with microscopy after field cycling.

Controls: Particle loading, size distribution, carrier viscosity, magnetic field, temperature, and actual shear history. Use enclosed compatible suspensions.

Against: No earlier chain detection occurs at matched false-alarm rate.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Compatible magnetic suspension, calibrated electromagnet, rheometer or force measurement, microscopy, and temperature control.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Local rheological probes for complex fluids: application to Laponite suspensions. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12241182/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Monitoring gelation using magnetic nanoparticles - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/sm/c003284k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Frontiers | The Field-Dependent Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Fluids Featuring Plate-Like Iron Particles — https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2014.00021/full — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rheological Study of Dextran-Modified Magnetite Nanoparticle Water Suspension | International Journal of Thermophysics | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10765-013-1439-6 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

289. H1604 — Short settling rests — Chlorella vulgaris laboratory culture

Area: Nonpathogenic microalgal culture physics

Hypothesis: For Chlorella vulgaris laboratory culture, brief circulation rests will change aggregate-size distributions before bulk growth rate changes.

Test: Track aggregates and growth under equal daily mixing work.

Controls: Use characterized nonpathogenic strains and species-appropriate media; match biomass, growth stage, temperature, nutrients, absorbed photons, and gas transfer.

Against: Aggregation changes appear only alongside growth changes.

Resources: specialist laboratory. Verified nonpathogenic cultures, controlled culture apparatus, optical and gas measurements, and appropriate laboratory practices.

Screening score: 23 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Settling and bioflocculation of two species of algae used in wastewater treatment and algae biomass production - Manheim - 2013 - Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy - Wiley Online Library — https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ep.11861 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cell volume distribution dynamics of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. in batch cultures under continuous light. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15834797/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effect of nitrogen depletion on the cell size, shape, density and gravitational settling of Nannochloropsis salina, Chlorella sp. (marine) and Haematococcus pluvialis - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211926418310099 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

290. H1351 — Pulse grouping — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, grouped short acoustic pulses will reduce heating per net transported distance.

Test: Measure droplet displacement and temperature for matched travel tasks.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Heating is no lower once delivered acoustic energy is included.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Initial nucleation site formation due to acoustic droplet vaporization - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3970834/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Repeatable Acoustic Vaporization of Coated Perfluorocarbon Bubbles for Micro-Actuation Inspired by Polypodium aureum — https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/2/106 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Rapid and Controllable Digital Microfluidic Heating by Surface Acoustic Waves - Shilton - 2015 - Advanced Functional Materials - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adfm.201501130 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- The effects on thermal lesion shape and size from bubble clouds produced by acoustic droplet vaporization — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6206628/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

291. H1353 — Contact footprint rotation — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, rotating an elongated footprint relative to propagation will shift the movement threshold.

Test: Measure threshold power at several verified footprint angles.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Threshold is angle-independent after contact-line length is included.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Bioinspired Surfaces Derived from Acoustic Waves for On-Demand Droplet Manipulations - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11407685/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On-demand rotational manipulation of microparticles and zebrafish larvae via orthogonally phased BAW acoustofluidics — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13381919/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Manipulating acoustic streaming in a droplet using a single surface acoustic wave transducer - ScienceDirect — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003682X24006686 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Controlled orientation and sustained rotation of biological samples in a sono-optical microfluidic device - Lab on a Chip (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D0LC01261K — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/lc/d0lc01261k — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

292. H1354 — Frequency hopping — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, switching among nearby acoustic frequencies will reduce persistent unmixed regions.

Test: Image tracer concentration at equal input energy and duration.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Residual unmixed volume is no lower than single-frequency control.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Acoustic streaming vortices enable contactless, digital control of droplets — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7286667/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An intra-droplet particle switch for droplet microfluidics using bulk acoustic waves — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5446280/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Wireless Frequency‐Multiplexed Acoustic Array‐Based Acoustofluidics - Li - 2024 - Advanced Materials Technologies - Wiley Online Library — https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/admt.202400572 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- An acoustofluidic embedding platform for rapid multiphase microparticle injection | Nature Communications — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59146-x — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

293. H1355 — Rest interval pinning — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, longer rests between pulses will increase restart power when contact-line aging dominates.

Test: Measure restart thresholds and line motion across rest times.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Restart power does not depend on rest after evaporation is corrected.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Easily fabricated monolithic fluoropolymer chips for sensitive long-term absorbance measurement in droplet microfluidics - RSC Advances (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D0RA05330A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/ra/d0ra05330a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Microfluidic Acoustic Metamaterial using Electrowetting: Enabling Active Broadband Tunability - Bansal - 2021 - Advanced Materials Technologies - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/admt.202100491 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Free-standing open space microfluidic devices by dry resist lamination | Microfluidics and Nanofluidics | Springer Nature Link — https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10404-025-02818-3 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Fast selective trapping and release of picoliter droplets in a 3D microfluidic PDMS multi-trap system with bubbles - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29234760/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

294. H1356 — Subthreshold conditioning — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, weak acoustic conditioning will reduce variability of the next transport event.

Test: Compare displacement distributions after conditioning and silent controls.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Variability is unchanged at matched temperature and volume.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Programmable Droplet Microfluidics Based on Machine Learning and Acoustic Manipulation | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01061?jav=VoR&rel=cite-as&urlappend=%3Fref%3DPDF — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Surface acoustic wave-based generation and transfer of droplets onto wettable substrates - RSC Advances (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D2RA04089A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/ra/d2ra04089a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Cavity-agnostic acoustofluidic manipulations enabled by guided flexural waves on a membrane acoustic waveguide actuator — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-023-00643-8.pdf — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Microfluidic platform using focused ultrasound passing through hydrophobic meshes with jump availability | PNAS Nexus | Oxford Academic — https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/2/7/pgad207/7202249 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

295. H1357 — Two-drop collision control — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, staggered acoustic pulses will narrow collision-position variability of matched droplet pairs.

Test: Track pair trajectories and collision positions.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Position variance is not reduced after launch timing is controlled.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Dynamics of high-speed micro-drop impact: numerical simulations and experiments at frame-to-frame times below 100 ns - Soft Matter (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C4SM02474E — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/sm/c4sm02474e — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Dynamics of high-speed micro-drop impact: numerical simulations and experiments at frame-to-frame times below 100 ns‡ | Soft Matter | The Royal Society of Chemistry — https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02474e — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Precisely Timed On-Demand Droplet Ejection and Collision in Free Space for Controlled Reaction Initiation. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42554138/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Effect of Wettability on the Collision Behavior of Acoustically Excited Droplets. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37186956/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

296. H1358 — Acoustic reflection guard — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, an absorbing boundary will reduce trajectory curvature caused by reflected waves.

Test: Map acoustic fields and droplet paths with matched boundaries.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Curvature persists independently of reflected-wave amplitude.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Easily fabricated monolithic fluoropolymer chips for sensitive long-term absorbance measurement in droplet microfluidics‡ — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9056331/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Superhydrophobic Antireflection Coating on Glass Using Grass-like Alumina and Fluoropolymer | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.0c12465 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Superhydrophobic Antireflection Coating on Glass Using Grass-like Alumina and Fluoropolymer | ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces — https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.0c12465 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Flow Induced Coating of Fluoropolymer Additives: Development of Frustrated Total Internal Reflection Imaging | NIST — https://www.nist.gov/publications/flow-induced-coating-fluoropolymer-additives-development-frustrated-total-internal — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

297. H1359 — Evaporation compensation — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, adjusting pulse duration using optically measured volume will stabilize transport distance during slow evaporation.

Test: Compare calibrated adaptive and fixed schedules on held-out runs.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Distance error is no lower after equal sensing time is counted.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Repeatable Acoustic Vaporization of Coated Perfluorocarbon Bubbles for Micro-Actuation Inspired by Polypodium aureum — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10887373/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- A Microfluidic Acoustic Metamaterial using Electrowetting: Enabling Active Broadband Tunability - Bansal - 2021 - Advanced Materials Technologies - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/admt.202100491 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Repeatable Acoustic Vaporization of Coated Perfluorocarbon Bubbles for Micro-Actuation Inspired by Polypodium aureum — https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/2/106 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Monitoring sessile droplet evaporation on a micromechanical device - Analyst (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/C4AN01389A — https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/an/c4an01389a — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

298. H1360 — Vertical motion precursor — water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip

Area: Surface-acoustic-wave droplet handling

Hypothesis: For water droplet on fluoropolymer-coated acoustic chip, increased vertical shape oscillation will precede irregular horizontal transport.

Test: Measure three-dimensional droplet motion across increasing acoustic power.

Controls: Droplet volume, actual acoustic power, contact angle, temperature, waveform, and substrate response. Use specialist acoustic equipment and compatible liquids.

Against: Vertical oscillations provide no advance warning of trajectory errors.

Resources: specialist research facility. Specialist acoustic chip, calibrated radiofrequency drive, high-speed imaging, thermal monitoring, and suitable droplet liquids.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Acoustic manipulation of small droplets - PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15257426/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Onset of Visible Capillary Waves from High-Frequency Acoustic Excitation | Langmuir | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03403 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Water Droplet Hammer: Piezoelectric Sensing of Ultrafast Mechanical Transients During Droplet Impact - Kim - 2026 - Small - Wiley Online Library — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smll.74628 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- On-Chip Production of Size-Controllable Liquid Metal Microdroplets Using Acoustic Waves — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6311111/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

299. H1403 — Droplet depth — purified hen-egg lysozyme crystallization

Area: Benign protein crystallization models

Hypothesis: For purified hen-egg lysozyme crystallization, shallow drops will show less vertical variation in crystal morphology than deeper drops.

Test: Map crystal positions and shapes at equal solution volume using varied footprints.

Controls: Use a separately validated crystallization condition for each protein; match purity, concentration, precipitant, temperature, and sample age. No human samples.

Against: Morphology variation does not depend on depth after evaporation is matched.

Resources: specialist research facility. Purified compatible protein, independently validated crystallization conditions, controlled environment, and microscopy; specialist characterization may be needed.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- The effect of protein–precipitant interfaces and applied shear on the nucleation and growth of lysozyme crystals - PMC — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2777168/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- PHYSICAL REVIEW E 76, 011604 (2007) — https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevE.76.011604 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- From egg to crystal — https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/bmb.63 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Droplet-Based Evaporative System for the Estimation of Protein Crystallization Kinetics — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8569678/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

300. H1407 — Microgravity analogue limits — purified hen-egg lysozyme crystallization

Area: Benign protein crystallization models

Hypothesis: For purified hen-egg lysozyme crystallization, density-matched suppression of convection will reduce growth striations without requiring actual spaceflight.

Test: Use a compatible validated density modifier and measure flow, structure, and solubility.

Controls: Use a separately validated crystallization condition for each protein; match purity, concentration, precipitant, temperature, and sample age. No human samples.

Against: Striation reduction is explained solely by changed solubility or viscosity.

Resources: specialist research facility. Purified compatible protein, independently validated crystallization conditions, controlled environment, and microscopy; specialist characterization may be needed.

Screening score: 20 (ordinal planning score; not probability).

Novelty status: Unverified: related literature leads found; exact-claim novelty unresolved.

Gap to check: Determine whether the exact stated comparison, system, parameter range, and matched controls were already studied. A material substitution alone is not evidence of novelty.

First gate: Check compatibility and prior art, then establish measurement repeatability and independent-preparation variation before a powered confirmatory experiment.

Literature leads:

- Structural study on hen egg-white lysozyme crystals grown in gravity and microgravity. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18425628/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Protein crystallization in space. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11541853/ — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- First Direct Observation of Impurity Effects on the Growth Rate of Tetragonal Lysozyme Crystals under Microgravity as Measured by Interferometry | Crystal Growth & Design | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b00456 — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.
- Simple Geometry for Diffusion Limited Protein Crystal Growth: Harnessing Gravity to Suppress Convection | Crystal Growth & Design | ACS Publications — https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cg800574t — lead requiring relevance and full-text verification.

